In the male-dominated realm of agricultural machinery services, Sonia Jannat, a 28-year-old from Jhenaidah, Bangladesh, has inscribed her name as a successful Machinery Solution Provider (MSP). Her determination—and the transformative power of new technologies—has launched her on an extraordinary journey of empowerment and financial independence.
Growing up in a farming household, Sonia was already familiar with cultivation. Rooted in agriculture, she harbored a longstanding ambition to make a meaningful impact in this field. To realize her vision, she consistently stayed abreast of the latest technologies and machinery designed to boost production while minimizing labor and time. However, life took an unexpected turn when her father fell ill with heart disease, forcing Sonia to shoulder the responsibility of financially supporting her family while pursuing her honors degree. This phase of hardship proved to be a turning point in her life.
Sonia Jannat operates one of her combine harvesters in Jhenaidah, Bangladesh. (Photo: CIMMYT)
During this challenging period, Sonia came across a YouTube video showcasing a combine harvester—a cutting-edge machine that could revolutionize harvesting. She immediately recognized its potential to transform farming practices and offer a reliable income stream. The first major hurdle was overcoming her family’s financial constraints and convincing them to invest in a machine without any tangible proof of its benefits.
In October 2020, Sonia and her family attended a live demonstration organized by the private sector, where she successfully persuaded her father to invest in a combine harvester. With the support of a machinery subsidy, she selected the best model suited to her business needs.
Sonia took part in business expansion meetings, built linkages with spare parts shop owners, dealers, and commission agents, and received operational and maintenance training—for both herself and her machine operators.
In the first season of 2021, Sonia’s combine harvester generated an impressive income of approximately US$10,000 (excluding operational and labor costs). This early success fueled her ambition, and with her family’s support, she invested in a second combine harvester, expanding the business.
Today, Sonia Jannat proudly owns three combine harvesters, generating an annual income of BDT 30 lakh (approximately US$33,000). Her customer base has grown to span around ten geographical divisions across Bangladesh. Sonia’s achievements have not only reshaped her own financial future but have also broken deep-rooted societal stereotypes. Once ridiculed for her unconventional path as an unmarried woman, she now commands respect and admiration from the very community that once doubted her.
Sonia shares with pride:
“The same society that once criticized me with comments like, ‘Why is an unmarried girl traveling around to earn money? Why is she breaking social norms?’ is now praising me. After witnessing my talent, social contributions, and support for my family, they now see me as one in a thousand girls!”
With academic credentials that include honors and a master’s degree in Bangla, Sonia’s aspirations continue to grow. She now envisions launching a new entrepreneurial venture offering a wider range of agricultural machinery services. She is committed to empowering women by actively engaging them in her business model—aiming to be an inspirational entrepreneur for many others.
CIMMYT participated in the international training on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) organized by ICRISAT under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Program, joining CGIAR centers and institutions from 16 countries to strengthen global understanding of IPR in agricultural research. Through its involvement, CIMMYT contributed to the exchange of knowledge and best practices on innovation protection, policy development, and strategic interventions essential for advancing responsible agricultural innovation. This engagement reflects CIMMYT’s broader commitment to capacity development and the promotion of equitable access to agricultural technologies that support sustainable and inclusive food systems.
Victor Munakabanze in his field sharing his scaling story with scientists and district agriculture officers (Photo: CIMMYT)
Each annual field tour offers a fresh perspective on the realities farmers face. It’s a window into how different agroecological conditions shape farming experiences and outcomes, revealing what works in farmers’ fields and what doesn’t under an increasingly unpredictable climate.
This year, in Zambia’s Southern Province, the story is promising, as good rains have set the foundation for a favorable crop—a stark contrast to the past season, marked by the El Niño-induced drought.
In the Choma district’s Simaubi camp, Conservation Agriculture (CA) trials paint a picture of resilience and adaptation. The area experiences a semi-arid climate with erratic rainfall averaging 600–800 mm annually, often prone to dry spells and drought years, such as the last, when only 350–400 mm were received. The soils are predominantly of sandy loam texture, with low organic matter and poor water retention capacity, making them susceptible to drought stress.
The area around Simaubi hosts seven mother trials, where a wide range of technologies are tested, and 168 baby trials, where a subset of favored technologies are adapted to farmers’ contexts. Each trial tests different maize-legumeintercropping and strip cropping systems against conventional tillage-based practices. As adoption steadily rises, more farmers are experiencing firsthand the benefits of sustainable intensification.
A Champion in the Making
Meet Victor Munakabanze, a farmer with decades of experience and a passion for learning. He began his CA journey as a baby trial implementer, experimenting with the four-row strip cropping system on a 10 m by 20 m plot, with four strips of ripped maize and four strips of ripped groundnuts. Starting in the 2020/21 season—despite a slow start—he persevered. Instead of giving up, he and his wife embarked on a learning journey that led them to scale up and champion CA technologies in their community.
Victor has been part of CA trials under the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Farming Systems in Zambia (SIFAZ) project in the Southern Province for five years and has seen the power of small steps in driving change. His initial trial plots sparked hope, showing him that improved yields were possible even under challenging conditions. Encouraged by these results, he expanded his CA practices to a 1.5-hectare plot during the 2024/2025 cropping season, investing in his farm using income from goat sales. He successfully integrated livestock within the cropping system, using goat manure to complement fertilizers—an approach that has not only improved soil fertility but also strengthened the farm’s sustainability.
From Experimentation to Expansion
Victor’s decision to adopt CA at scale was driven by tangible results. He found that intercropping maize and groundnuts in well-spaced rip lines could optimize overall yields better than conventional methods.
However, the transition wasn’t without challenges. In the first season, he started late and harvested little. The following year, delayed planting resulted in just four bags of maize from the 200 m². The El Niño event during the 2023/24 season wiped out his harvest completely. But through each setback, he refined his approach, improving his planting timing and weed management by incorporating herbicides when needed.
Now, his farm serves as a learning hub for fellow farmers from the surrounding community in Simaubi camp. They are drawn in by his success, curious about his planting techniques, and impressed by his ability to integrate crops and livestock. With 23 goats, a growing knowledge base, and a determination to share his experience, Victor embodies the spirit of farmer-led innovation. His story is proof that CA can be practiced beyond the trial plots—it is about ownership, adaptation, and scaling what works.
Inspiring Adoption, One Farmer at a Time
Victor’s journey highlights a crucial lesson: when farmers see the benefits of CA on a small scale, they are more likely to adopt and expand these practices on their own. His resilience, coupled with a keen eye for what works, has made him a role model in his community. From testing to real-world application, his success is growing evidence of the replicability of CA technologies. As adoption spreads, stories like Victor’s pave the way for a future where sustainable farming is not just an experiment—but a way of life.
In Colombia, the path towards a more sustainable and resilient agriculture is gaining unprecedented momentum. Thanks to the implementation of the Sustainable Agrifood Colombia project, various national and international institutions are collaborating to strengthen food security and agricultural productivity through technological innovations and knowledge management models. Among these collaborations is the Hub methodology, an innovation management model developed in Mexico by CIMMYT, in conjunction with various stakeholders, which is already being successfully replicated in Guatemala, Honduras, and several African countries.
Researchers from CIMMYT engage in dialogue with Colombian technicians and producers (Photo: Sustainable Agrifood Colombia)
The project, coordinated by the Bioversity & CIAT Alliance, has 18 strategic partners for its execution, among which Agrosavia, CIMMYT, and Fenalcecontribute to the maize production system. The objective is to transform the Colombian agri-food sector through the adoption of sustainable agricultural technologies and the strengthening of collaboration networks among producers, researchers, and other key stakeholders.
To this end, pilot regions have been identified where the Hub methodology is implemented, promoting knowledge sharing, validation of innovative practices, and capacity building.
The project articulation meetings and field visits were held in Colombia’s main corn-producing regions: northern Valle del Cauca, Tolima, and Córdoba. During these visits, teams from the Bioversity & CIAT Alliance, AGROSAVIA, Fenalce, and CIMMYT evaluated production conditions, identified strengths and areas of opportunity, and designed strategies for consolidating the innovation territories.
One of the most significant results of these evaluations was the definition of a training plan for producers, researchers, and technicians. This plan, which has already taken its first steps, seeks to provide local stakeholders with tools to improve maize crop yields through sustainable agronomic practices, pest management, and seed conservation.
In November, three workshops were held in different regions of the country. The first two were held in La Unión, Valle del Cauca, and in Montería, Córdoba, with the aim of identifying and involving key stakeholders in the maize production system. The third, held in Vereda Nueva Platanera, Tierralta, Córdoba, focused on seed production and conservation for small producers. Based on these events, a mapping of actors was carried out in order to analyze the interactions within the maize production network. This exercise made it possible to evaluate the degree of innovation adopted by farmers and the influence of different actors, such as technicians, companies, universities, and government institutions, in the dissemination of knowledge and the adoption of sustainable technologies.
The results of these workshops have been encouraging. To date, 220 people have been trained on key issues such as pest management (particularly Dalbulus maydis, which has recently been a serious problem), seed production and conservation, and climate change adaptation strategies. In addition, stakeholder mapping has facilitated the identification of opportunities to strengthen collaborative networks and promote the adoption of innovations in the production system.
One of the key lessons learned has been the importance of constant monitoring in the implementation of sustainable management strategies. Workshop participants have highlighted the need to generate training spaces from the initial stages of cultivation, including the preparation of plots for planting, to maximize the benefits of sustainable practices.
The Hub approach, which has proven to be an effective model in Mexico and other countries, is making significant progress in Colombia. By connecting the actors in the maize value chain, facilitating the generation and socialization of knowledge, and driving innovation from the local level, this methodology represents a comprehensive solution to address the country’s agricultural challenges.
With the coordinated work of institutions, producers, and scientists, Colombia is laying the foundations for a more resilient and competitive agri-food sector. CIMMYT’s experience in implementing the Hub methodology in different regions of the world is an example of how science, innovation, and collaboration can transform the future of Colombian agriculture.
Away Hamza, a young and ambitious farmer in Arsi Zone, Oromia region, proudly tends to his wheat field (Photo: CIMMYT)
Wheat plays a pivotal role in Ethiopia’s agricultural landscape. As the country’s second most important staple crop, it is crucial to national food security. Traditionally, wheat cultivation has been concentrated in Ethiopia’s highlands, but this has changed with the introduction of the ADAPT-Wheat project—an initiative designed to address the production challenges faced by Ethiopia’s irrigated lowland areas. Led by CIMMYT in partnership with the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), the project aims to tackle key issues such as the lack of stress-tolerant wheat varieties and limited access to reliable seed sources.
Transforming wheat farming in Ethiopia’s lowlands
The Adaptation, Demonstration, and Piloting of Wheat Technologies for Irrigated Lowlands of Ethiopia (ADAPT-Wheat) project focuses on bridging critical wheat production gaps and introducing innovative solutions for smallholder farmers, particularly in the Afar and Oromia regions. By improving wheat production through new varieties and modern technologies, the project is not only increasing agricultural productivity but also transforming farmers’ livelihoods. The initiative aims to directly benefit 1,000 households, with a much wider impact expected across the two regions.
Financially supported by BMZ, the project aligns with Ethiopia’s broader goal of achieving food self-sufficiency. Researchers and national partners have witnessed a significant shift in wheat production practices, demonstrating the success of innovative agricultural technologies and improved collaboration among stakeholders.
Insights from researchers and partners
Bekele Abeyo, CIMMYT-Ethiopia Country Representative and project leader:
“The ADAPT-Wheat project marks a major milestone in Ethiopia’s wheat production journey. It introduces viable wheat technologies that are well-suited for the irrigated lowlands, enhancing both production and productivity in the pursuit of food and nutritional security.”
Tolossa Debele, senior researcher and EIAR–DG representative:
“For years, CIMMYT has been instrumental in advancing Ethiopia’s wheat production system by introducing germplasm, improving varieties, and offering financial, equipment &technical support and training for both researchers and farmers. With the ADAPT-Wheat project, we’ve seen another tangible difference in the livelihoods of smallholder farmers, particularly in the Afar and Oromia regions. The project’s support, including the introduction of modern farm machinery, has not only enhanced mechanization at the farm level but has also contributed significantly to the broader objectives of national agricultural development.”
Tolossa Debele, senior researcher and EIAR-DG representative (Photo: CIMMYT)
Major milestones and achievements
1. Building capacity for sustainable change
One of the project’s most significant accomplishments has been its strong emphasis on capacity building—both human and physical—to empower local communities in wheat farming. Key capacity-building initiatives include:
Training for researchers: Software and scientific writing training to enhance technical skills and scientific contributions.
Training of trainers (TOT) for agricultural experts: Development agents and district-level subject matter specialists were trained to share knowledge with farmers.
The project also included seed distribution, experience-sharing visits, and field days to disseminate knowledge and encourage peer learning. A notable outcome has been informal seed exchange among farmers, amplifying the project’s impact.
Through these efforts, the project successfully reached approximately 4,300 households and engaged a wide range of stakeholders, contributing to human capacity development, seed production and distribution, technology diffusion, and sustainable farming practices.
Additionally, infrastructure development—such as the construction of a quarantine facility and installation of air conditioning units at the Werer Research Center—has strengthened research capacity and maintained high standards for agricultural innovation. The procurement of essential farm machinery has also set the stage for more sustainable wheat farming in Ethiopia’s lowlands.
2. Introducing elite wheat lines
The project introduced 505 elite bread wheat lines and 235 durum wheat lines. From these, 111 bread wheat and 49 durum wheat genotypes were identified for their promising traits, including heat stress tolerance, early maturity, and superior yield components. These lines were rigorously tested across diverse agroecological zones to ensure adaptability.
3. Demonstrating modern irrigation technology and mechanization
The project didn’t stop at improving wheat varieties—it also introduced modern mechanization practices to enhance efficiency and yield. In the Afar and Oromia regions, pilot farms demonstrated advanced machinery such as:
Subsoilers
Bailers
Land levelers
Planters
Ridge makers
Multi-crop threshers
These technologies have been showcased at various farm sites to facilitate adaptation and scaling.
4. Releasing and adapting wheat varieties
The project identified eight wheat varieties (four bread wheat and four durum wheat) suited for Ethiopia’s lowland irrigated conditions.
Additionally, two new wheat varieties—one bread wheat and one durum wheat—were officially registered and released for large-scale production. These releases mark a significant milestone in Ethiopia’s efforts to strengthen wheat production systems.
5. Seed production and distribution
Ensuring the availability of high-quality seeds has been another key priority. Through partnerships with research centers, early-generation seeds were provided to private seed producers and farmers’ cooperative unions. Field monitoring ensured seed quality at harvest, resulting in the production of 430 quintals of certified seed.
Women and youth empowerment strategy
The ADAPT-Wheat project has made a deliberate effort to empower women and youth by ensuring they have access to high-quality seeds, training, and technical support. Notably, women comprised 32% of seed distribution beneficiaries, strengthening their role in improving food security and livelihoods.
Voices from the field: Farmers share their stories
Damma Yami from Jeju district, Alaga Dore village
Farmer Damma Yami, has carefully monitors her thriving wheat crop as it nears harvest (Photo: CIMMYT)
Damma Yami’s story is a powerful example of how innovative agricultural initiatives can transform communities, especially in regions facing harsh environmental conditions.
“For many years, we have lived in arid conditions where livestock farming was our primary livelihood. However, with the challenges posed by weather trends, our traditional systems were no longer sufficient to maintain our livelihoods. The introduction of the ADAPT-Wheat project in recent years has reversed this trend. The project brought us wheat cultivation, as a new and golden opportunity for the farming community. We received high-yielding seeds, training, and technical support on farming practices, and soon we began to see impressive results. The benefits of the project are clear: it provides food for our families, generates income to send children to school, and helps meet other basic needs. As a farmer who engaged in this project, I can confidently say that the project has reshaped our future livelihood.”
Yeshiwas Worku from Oromia region, Arsi Zone, Merti district, Woticha Dole village
Farmer Yeshiwas Worku actively monitoring the growth and performance of his wheat crop on his plot, ensuring optimal results through the support of the ADAPT project (Photo: CIMMYT)
Yeshiwas Worku, a 40-year-old farmer was among those who benefited from the project.
Yeshiwas explains that before the project, wheat cultivation was not traditionally practiced in his area, but it has now become a game-changer for the community. The introduction of modern farming tools, machinery, and access to improved crop varieties has been key to their success. With the help of the project, wheat production has not only become their main source of income but has also helped farmers gain confidence in their ability to sustain their livelihoods.
“We are now familiar with modern farming tools, machines, and practices thanks to the implementing partners of the ADAPT project. We also have access to improved crop varieties, which are crucial for better production and increased income. Now, wheat production has become the main source of our livelihood. This alternative farming opportunity has not only boosted our confidence but has also allowed us to secure a more sustainable livelihood for my family and me. I am deeply grateful to the project implementing partners for playing such a crucial role in transforming our lives. The impact has truly been transformative.”
A transformative impact on wheat production
The ADAPT-Wheat project, alongside CIMMYT’s ongoing work in Ethiopia, has significantly improved wheat production systems and enhanced the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the lowland regions. More than just a This project is technological intervention, the project serves as a lifeline for smallholder farmers. By introducing innovative wheat technologies, improving seed availability, and empowering local communities, it directly contributes to Ethiopia’s food security goals while fostering economic growth and resilience in rural areas.
As Ethiopia continues its journey toward agricultural self-sufficiency, the success of the ADAPT-Wheat project serves as a model for sustainable agricultural development.
The State of Mexico is supporting native corn preservation by providing MX$3.5 million in financial aid and equipment to local farmers. In collaboration with CIMMYT and UNAM, the government is advancing research to improve open-pollinated varieties and promote sustainable farming. As part of this effort, 833 seed accessions have been donated to enhance biodiversity and strengthen traditional maize cultivation. This initiative aims to support farmers while preserving Mexico’s rich maize heritage.
How can market intelligence and seed system insights drive varietal turnover for groundnut, sorghum, and beanstakeholders? This was the central question explored during a series of workshops convened by the Accelerated Varietal Improvement and Seed Systems in Africa (AVISA) and The Accelerated Varietal Adoption and Turnover for Open-Pollinated Varieties (ACCELERATE) projects.
Held from October 21-25, 2024, across three locations in Tanzania, these workshops were designed to identify practical solutions for improving varietal turnover.
The AVISA Project focuses on modernizing crop breeding programs and strengthening seed systems to enhance the productivity, resilience, and marketability of key dryland cereals and legumes in sub-Saharan Africa. By ensuring that smallholder farmers have access to high-quality improved varieties, AVISA contributes to better food security, nutrition, and economic development.
ACCELERATE, complementing AVISA’s efforts, focuses on market-driven adoption strategies by analyzing the requirements and constraints of both large- and small-scale marketplace traders. It aims to catalyze the uptake of new varieties through market intelligence-driven interventions and foster partnerships across formal, semi-formal, and informal seed sectors to accelerate varietal adoption and turnover.
The workshops opened with expert presentations from breeders and seed system specialists from CIMMYT, CIAT, and TARI. Key topics included the adoption of improved seeds for groundnuts, sorghum, and beans; groundnut processing for peanut butter; the sustainability of digital inclusion initiatives; challenges and opportunities in seed systems; and the increasing demand for crops such as groundnuts, sorghum, and beans. The speakers provided valuable insights into crop production, seed availability, market demand, and the desired traits for improved crop varieties.
Dar es Salaam, Arusha, and Dodoma – Stakeholders across Tanzania gathered to explore how market intelligence and seed system insights drive varietal turnover for groundnut, sorghum, and bean value chain (Photo: Marion Aluoch/CIMMYT)
Three separate sessions were held in Arusha, Dodoma, and Dar es Salaam, bringing together farmers, processors, traders, and researchers to deliberate on systemic challenges affecting varietal turnover. Participants then identified practical solutions to enhance the adoption of improved varieties of sorghum, beans, and groundnuts.
Opening each workshop session, TARI representatives emphasized the critical role of high-quality seeds in realizing higher crop yields and achieving agricultural growth.
“We are here to ensure improved varieties leave shelves and reach farmers’ fields in efforts to support the envisaged 5% annual growth in agriculture,” remarked Fred Tairo, the TARI Manager in Dar es Salaam. In Arusha, Nicholaus Kuboja, TARI Center Director, Selian, highlighted the importance of market intelligence. “Market intelligence is crucial, as market access has been a persistent challenge across African countries, particularly for smallholder farmers, in securing profitable markets for their produce.”
The Director General of TARI, Thomas Bwana, speaking in Dodoma, focused on partnerships. “We are actively promoting the production and distribution of early generation seed, particularly breeder seed, for access by downstream seed producers. Through collaborations with other value chain actors, we strive to ensure that these seeds meet the quality standards needed by both seed and grain producers, as well as consumers who are keen on specific varietal traits,” he noted.
The subsequent discussions underscored the importance of collaboration and innovation to meet the rising demand for these vital crops.
Identifying Challenges
In experience sharing among participants across the three workshops, some key challenges were brought to light. For instance, farmers reported limited access to certified seeds as a major barrier to increasing productivity. A farmer from Dodoma expressed concern that current seed distribution networks often do not reach remote areas, leaving farmers with no option but to use inferior seeds from the sources available.
“We want to use quality seed, but the distribution networks don’t reach us,” he said. On the other hand, traders expressed frustration over inconsistent supplies of high-quality grain produce, which is also aggravated by poor grain handling due to inadequate storage conditions leading to contamination.
Stakeholders in Arushain a group discussion, sharing insights, challengesand strategies to enhance market-driven adoption of improved crop varieties.(Photo: Marion Aluoch/CIMMYT)
One groundnut trader noted, “Poor pre- and post-harvest handling has led to smaller, shriveled nuts, making it difficult for traders to meet market expectations.” Processors echoed these concerns, highlighting aflatoxin contamination as a significant problem that undermines both product safety and marketability. They stressed the need for better practices. “We need better practices at every stage of the value chain to minimize aflatoxin contamination in the grains sourced for processing,” emphasized one processor.
Additional challenges emerged, with common bean farmers highlighting difficulties with post-harvest storage and pest damage, which reduced both quality and market value. Processors, meanwhile, pointed out consumer misconceptions that hinder the acceptance of improved varieties. For instance, white sorghum varieties that naturally turned brown during processing were sometimes perceived as inferior, underscoring the need for better consumer education.
Unveiling Solutions
Despite the challenges, the workshops were a source of optimism, as well as underscoring viable, innovative solutions and actionable strategies to drive progress. Participants explored newly released crop varieties, including TARI Sorg 1 and TARI Bean 6, which offer higher yields, disease resistance, and improved nutritional content. Stakeholders in Dodoma emphasized the use of digital tools such as WhatsApp channels and SMS for real-time updates on seed availability and agronomic practices. “Modernizing how we share knowledge can bridge gaps between farmers and researchers,” remarked one participant.
Capacity building emerged as a key strategy for tackling many of the systemic issues discussed. Farmers called for more training on seed handling and post-harvest practices to reduce losses and improve crop quality. Processors stressed the need for targeted interventions for aflatoxin management, a critical step in ensuring the safety and marketability of groundnuts. Researchers and agricultural organizations underscored the importance of aligning breeding programs with market needs.
In Arusha, discussions centered on developing groundnut varieties tailored to specific processing needs, such as improving peanut butter quality to meet consumer preferences and market standards.
Participants engage in a practical session during the Dar es Salaam workshop, exploring digital tools and market insights to enhance seed systems and varietal adoption.(Photo: Marion Aluoch/CIMMYT)
Expanding the seed distribution network also emerged as a key priority. TARI committed to scale up the production of Quality Declared Seed (QDS) and strengthen partnerships with private seed companies to ensure a consistent supply of high-quality seeds across the country. “Quality seeds must reach every corner of the country,” affirmed a TARI scientist. The stakeholders also called on breeding programs to align with market demands, emphasizing the need to tailor improved varieties to specific consumer and processor requirements.
Insights from Stakeholders and Actionable Strategies
Breakout sessions provided a platform for stakeholders to articulate their specific needs. Farmers from Dodoma and Dar es Salaam shared a common observation of increasing demand for groundnuts, sorghum, and beans, largely driven by population growth and international market expansion. In Dodoma, farmers emphasized that improved crop varieties had significantly boosted cultivation over the past decade.
Despite this progress, they highlighted the lack of drought-resistant varieties and limited access to affordable, high-quality seeds as persistent challenges. In Dar es Salaam, farmers noted that while demand for the crops had risen, their ability to meet this demand was hampered by limited seed availability and education on effective usage. Both groups agreed that weak seed distribution networks, high seed prices, and insufficient knowledge undermine productivity.
Stakeholders in Dodoma engage in discussions, sharing their insights on enhancing varietal adoption. (Photo: Marion Aluoch/CIMMYT)
Processors and traders from both Arusha and Dar es Salaam echoed these concerns but added insights into market dynamics. In Arusha, processors identified aflatoxin as a critical challenge, with inadequate farmer knowledge on grain handling practices exacerbating the issue. Processors also emphasized the need for nutrient-enhanced beans and groundnuts suited for specific products like peanut butter and flour. Traders in Arusha highlighted the need for pure white sorghum and beans free from pests to meet growing demand, particularly for export markets.
As the workshops concluded, participants identified key strategies to strengthen agricultural resilience. These included improving the seed supply chains, enhancing market linkages, and investing in continuous learning and education initiatives.
Echoing this vision, the TARI Director General emphasized in Dodoma, “This is just the beginning. By working together, we can ensure that every farmer, processor, and trader has the tools and knowledge needed to thrive in a rapidly evolving agricultural landscape.”
Cosmas Chachi’s demo fishpond – one of the nine ponds where he trains locals in fish farming (Photo: Cosmas Chachi)
Cosmas Chachi, a 46-year-old businessman, owns Triple Blessing Supermarket in Zambia’s Luwingu District. In 2000, Cosmas identified an opportunity to address the growing demand for fresh fish in his community and started selling the product in his local area. Like many rural entrepreneurs, Cosmas faced initial challenges such as unreliable supply chains, insufficient cold storage, and limited access to financing, all of which prevented him from meeting the rising demand from local customers. Undeterred, Cosmas embarked on a transformative journey into aquaculture.
The turning point for Cosmas occurred in April 2023 when he participated in a training program on integrated aquaculture under the aegis of the Southern Africa Accelerated Innovation Delivery Initiative (AID-I) Rapid Delivery Hub, led by CIMMYT. The training implemented by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), one of the key implementing partners of the project, emphasized sustainable intensification and equipped Cosmas with advanced skills in sustainable feed management, water quality control, efficient harvesting methods, and business management, among other areas.
A view of Cosmas Chachi’s Triple Blessings Supermarket, a thriving hub where he sells fish from his fishponds and manages his off-taking business (Photo: Cosmas Chachi)
“The training equipped me with expert knowledge in aquaculture management and skills to design and operate efficient fishponds,” Cosmas said.
With his new-found expertise, Cosmas upgraded three of his existing fishponds and built six more, each measuring 13×15 meters. To meet customer demand, he introduced a strategic stocking system, staggering the placement of 1,000 fingerlings across his nine ponds. This innovation ensured consistent fish supply even during Zambia’s annual fish ban. “By stocking and harvesting my ponds, I can maintain a steady supply even during the national fish ban when local supply decreases because some other farmers who supply my supermarket depend on fish from natural water bodies,” Cosmas shared.
Creating livelihoods and building resilience
Cosmas’ aquaculture enterprise has become an economic engine in his community, employing 25 permanent workers, primarily local youth, and offering seasonal jobs to 12 more. For Emmanuel Makumba, a shop attendant at Triple Blessing supermarket for the last eight years, the opportunity has been life changing. “The job at the supermarket helped me relocate from my village, build my own house, and send my children to a private school,” said Emmanuel.
In June 2024, his business received a significant boost with the installation of a 15-ton cold storage facility, funded by IWMI through the AID-I project. The upgrade significantly reduced post-harvest losses and enhanced Cosmas’ fish storage capacity. It ensures a steady supply for his business and the farmers he supports, strengthening the local aquaculture value chain.
“In the past, we could only purchase 50 to 100 kilograms (kg) of fish at a time, selling it at US$ 2.50 per kg,” Cosmas shared. With the new cold storage facility, Cosmas can now buy and store up to 700 kg of fish per harvest without the risk of spoilage. The effort not only secures a reliable supply for his business but also creates a dependable market for local consumers, fostering growth and sustainability in the region’s aquaculture sector.
A ripple effect of progress: Expanding aquaculture for community impact
Today, Cosmas’ success goes beyond his supermarket. He owns a thriving restaurant, offering customers a unique dining experience with fresh fish from his ponds. “The training I received during the AID-I workshops helped me transform my passion for aquaculture into a successful business. Now, in addition to the supermarket, I own a popular restaurant and outdoor fishponds, offering customers a unique dining experience,” he said.
Fish from local fish farmers before being stocked at Triple Blessings Supermarket (Photo: Cosmas Chachi)
Building on his business success, Cosmas has further expanded his impact by transforming his fishponds into practical classrooms, offering free, hands-on training to aspiring fish farmers. Over the past year, he has trained 50 farmers in sustainable aquaculture best practices.
As more farmers in Luwingu adopt these practices, local food security improves, and income streams diversify. Cosmas’ leadership is stabilizing the community’s food supply and improving diets with nutrient-rich fish. This aligns with AID-I’s broader goal to promote sustainable and scalable agricultural models.
By September 2024, the AID-I project, through IWMI’s efforts, had supported 297 fish farmers with training, market linkages, and tools for success across Northern and Luapula Provinces: creating a ripple effect of progress and also addressing Zambia’s fish supply and demand gap.The project empowers communities to adopt innovative and sustainable aquaculture practices, driving growth in fish production and ensuring a more reliable supply to meet the needs of a growing population. As fish is a critical source of protein and essential nutrients, fostering a sustainable aquaculture sector is vital for supporting Zambia’s food security and nutritional goals.
Cosmas’ journey exemplifies the power of partnerships, innovation, and resilience in driving community progress. It underscores the potential for a robust aquaculture sector in Zambia, where challenges spur solutions and success benefit entire communities. Through AID-I’s comprehensive interventions, Cosmas’ story of transformation offers a vision for sustainable development in rural Zambia, led by innovation and community empowerment.
The first harvest from the fish demonstration was attended by Mr. Sakala, District Livestock Coordinator, who was invited to observe the progress and assess the impact of the initiative (Photo : Cosmas Chachi)
Improved seeds of sorghum and groundnut have been a game-changer for farmers in Nigeria, doubling their yields and transforming their livelihoods.
At the Farmers’ Field Day organized by the Centre for Dryland Agriculture (CDA)in Tofa Local Government, farmers from 22 adopted communities of CDA shared their remarkable stories of increased productivity and income.
(Photo: CIMMYT)
As a partner in the AVISA project and the African Dryland Crop Improvement Network (ADCIN), in collaboration with CIMMYT, CDA plays a vital role in developing and disseminating improved seed varieties tailored for dryland farming systems. Through comprehensive research efforts, CDA focuses on screening and selecting superior seed varieties for multiplication and distribution, ensuring that agricultural practices remain both sustainable and productive.
The AVISA project, funded by the Gates Foundation, aims to enhance food security, resilience, and the livelihoods of small-scale producers and consumers in the dryland regions of Nigeria and eight other countries in West and Central Africa, including Senegal, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Mali, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger. By strengthening networks to modernize crop breeding and fostering public-private partnerships, AVISA works to improve the productivity, profitability, and marketability of key dryland crops, including sorghum, millet, groundnut, cowpea, and common bean.
Similarly, ADCIN, established in August 2023 and convened by CIMMYT through its Dryland Crops Program (DCP), serves as a collaborative platform bringing together over 200 scientists from more than 17 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. ADCIN’s mission is to foster a dynamic and sustainable network dedicated to improving dryland crop varieties and ensuring their accessibility to farmers. By leveraging the collective expertise of its multidisciplinary members, the network aims to accelerate the adoption of resilient and high-yielding crops, ultimately transforming dryland agriculture.
Farmers shared compelling testimonies about the impact of CDA’s work on their productivity and income. Faruk Haruna, a beneficiary of CDA’s training and improved seeds, testified that his millet yield skyrocketed from 15–20 bundles to 52 bundles, a staggering increase of 200%. He jokingly referred to CDA as the “Cash Development Association” due to the significant financial gains.
(Photo: CIMMYT)
Nasiru Yusuf, another farmer, reported an impressive four-fold increase in yield—approximately a 400% increase—with the improved sorghum seeds, leading to a substantial boost in income.
Women farmers also praised CDA’s initiatives. Amina Habibu and Nafisatu Auwalu shared how CDA’s training and improved seeds have transformed their farming practices and benefited numerous women farmers’ associations.
(Photo: CIMMYT)
“CDA’s efforts have been instrumental in improving agricultural practices among local farmers,” said Deputy Director of Training, Prof. Sanusi Gaya Mohammed.
He emphasized the center’s commitment to enhancing farming through research and community engagement.
Echoing this sentiment, the Deputy Director of Outreach and Publications of CDA, Professor Amina Mustapha, said CDA is happy with the progress made by the farmers and how their farming systems have improved. She noted that the field day provides farmers with an opportunity to interact with the centre and learn best practices to further enhance their productivity.
Dr. Hakeem Ajiegbe, a senior researcher at CDA, underscored the importance of modern farming practices. “Farming all over the world has changed, and it is imperative for farmers to adopt best practices to improve their yield,” he said.
The district head of Tofa Local Government, Alhaji Sunusi Abubakar Tofa, commended CDA for its impact on farmers in the 22 adopted communities. He urged local farmers to continue embracing CDA’s innovations to enhance food production and ensure long-term agricultural sustainability.
Somewhere in the enchanted valley of Santa Catarina Lachatao, Oaxaca, under the vast blue sky and in the heart of a land full of history and hope, Fabián Marcos Cano and Tomasa García Pérez are working toward the future they have long envisioned, their hands deep in the soil. In this land, where the Zapoteclanguage gives its name to the territory, each seed sown by their hands is an act of trust.
Fabián, his gaze marked by years of experience, speaks of his land with the pride of someone who has learned to listen to the voice of the earth. “We used to plant the way God guided us,” he says, recalling the days when farming was a practice of intuition and inherited wisdom.
Today, with the support of SEFADER technicians like Reinalda Gómez and her team, they have transformed their approach to farming. Fabián and Tomasa have learned to respect the rhythms of the soil, to give back what they take, and to see each plant through a new lens. “It’s like food for food,” Fabián explains.
Corn and beans grow unhurriedly in their fields. The land is enriched with crop residues that were once fed only to livestock, along with compost that was once discarded. “It’s a lot of work, but it’s our life,” says Fabián, with the firm determination of someone who understands that effort is part of the cycle.
For Tomasa, each harvest is a link to her ancestors. “The land gives us life,” she says with unwavering certainty. In her fields, milpa thrives alongside squash, beans, amaranth, and purslane, in a balance that requires patience and respect. She has learned to let nature do its work, to understand that burning fields robs the soil of its ability to renew itself. “We pile up the weeds, let them decompose, and that’s how the land nourishes itself,” she explains.
The journey has not been easy. Last year, a violent storm destroyed much of their crop. “It grew beautifully, but the wind tore everything down,” Fabián recalls with resignation. But they are not giving up. “We make do with what God gives us, because it is more than enough for us.” What remains is harvested as seed for the next cycle.
Every application of bio-inputs, every crop diversification, every lesson shared by agricultural engineers has changed their way of farming and their understanding of life. The land, once seen as an adversary that imposed its own rules, is now an ally that responds generously to care.
The story of Fabián and Tomasa is a testament to resilience and learning. It is proof that agriculture can be different, that tradition and innovation can go hand in hand. Because in every bean they harvest, in every ear of corn they save for the next cycle, there is a valuable lesson: the land gives back what it receives. And in Santa Catarina, under the sun that shines on Fabián and Tomasa’s fields, life flourishes with strength.
For Malawian farmers Monica Levison and Liden Mbengo, the 2023-24 cropping season posed distinct challenges compared to prior years. Like many of their fellow smallholders, they grappled with the El Niño-induced drought, which severely impacted agricultural production across Southern Africa.
A smallholder farmer in Malawi, proudly showcases the high-quality bean seeds he harvested after adopting AID-I’s climate-smart farming techniques. (Photos: CIAT and CIMMYT)
Connecting Farmers to Innovative Tools and Information
At the core of AID-I’s approach lies the delivery of innovative advisory services and proven agricultural technologies—strategies that have transformed the lives of farmers like Monica and Liden.
The AID-I project is transforming agriculture in targeted regions of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia.
By providing smallholder farmers with critical information and innovative solutions, AID-I empowers them to enhance food production. The project focuses on strengthening legume and maize seed systems to enhance the availability and access to multi-stress-tolerant and nutritious crops. It also emphasizes delivering agricultural advisories to the last mile and improving soil health and fertilizer efficiency. These efforts are compounded withextensive training conducted by the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT through the Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA).
Seed Multiplication: A Key Entry Point for AID-I in Malawi
In Malawi, seed multiplication is a critical entry point for AID-I interventions. This approach ensures that farmers have access to high-quality, locally adapted seeds, reinforcing seed systems while supporting food security and resilience among smallholders. Through a network of demonstration plots, the initiative introduced high-demand bean varieties while showcasing modern agronomic practices, including proper planting techniques, precise fertilizer application, and effective pest and disease control strategies. These hands-on demonstrations equipped Malawian farmers with practical and sustainable methods to optimize bean cultivation, even during challenging conditions.
Monica’s Journey: From Small Harvests to Realizing Her Dreams
In Thambolagwa village, Monica had spent more than two decades growing beans only for her family’s consumption. After attending AID-I’s bean production training and receiving 2 kilograms (kg) of NUA35 seed from the demonstrations, she harvested 25 kg, significantly increasing her yield.
Building on this success, Monica planted the harvested seeds on one acre of land during the 2023-24 growing season and harvested 15 bags, each weighing 50 kg. She then sold part of her produce to Milele Agro Processing, earning over US$577.
“The training was incredibly valuable,” she said. “I’m looking forward to the 2024-25 season, during which I plan to expand my business by cultivating two acres of land. With the profits, I aim to make future investments in farming and save money to build a modern house for my family.”
AID-I Demonstrates the Power of Knowledge Through Mbengo’s Transformation
Liden, from Kang’oma Village, spent years planting four bean seeds in a single hole, unaware that this practice limited his agricultural potential. AID-I’s training introduced him to effective agronomic practices such as planting techniques, crop rotation, soil fertility improvement, and pest management as guided by PABRA.
“Following these guidelines, I harvested 15 kg of VTTT 924/4-4 and 18 kg of NUA35 from just half a kilogram of seed. In the previous year, I harvested only 3 kg after planting the same number of seeds and then nearly gave up on bean farming. The knowledge I have gained is priceless. It has reinforced my interest in bean farming and will stay with me forever,” said Mbengo.
Liden Mbengo, a farmer from Kang’oma Village, displays his impressive bean harvest, demonstrating the impact of AID-I training on improving yields and resilience.
A New Era for Malawian Bean Farmers
For extension workers such as Chrissy Minjale in Ntcheu district, the AID-I program has been transformative.
“The trainings were eye-opening for both us and the farmers,” she said. “Smallholder bean farmers in Malawi are likely to experience a significant increase in bean seed and grain production in the long run.”
Farmers and extension workers, inspect newly planted bean crops during a field visit, highlighting the hands-on learning provided by AID-I advisory services.
Field Learning and Adoption of Climate-Smart Practices
The program’s emphasis on linking farmers to off-takers, understanding climatic conditions, and adopting modern agronomic practices has sparked interest in bean farming across Malawi. As Yohane Nkhoma, a field extension officer in Ntchisi, observed:
“We now understand the importance of timing the first rains for beans and other crops. I’m committed to sharing this knowledge with hundreds of farmers in my area and helping them pay closer attention to the climatic conditions crucial for bean production. The results we have witnessed will encourage more farmers to engage in bean cultivation as a serious business.”
Scaling Impact: Training Thousands of Farmers
With over 11,007 farmers trained, 6,786 of whom are women, AID-I is not only improving yields but also empowering communities, building resilience, and igniting a wave of agricultural innovation.
The ripple effect of these interventions is clear. Beyond feeding their families, smallholder farmers are also paving the way for a more secure and sustainable future.
These individuals are more than beneficiaries. They are change agents whose successes inspire their communities and beyond.
As AID-I continues to amplify its impact, it is reshaping the trajectory of smallholder farming in Malawi and setting a precedent for resilience and food security across the region.
The future of farming here is thriving, innovative, and full of promise—as illustrated by Monica, Mbengo, and many more.
A handful of azolla (Photo: Telma Sibanda, CIMMYT)
Often referred to as “green gold,” Azolla is a small, free-floating and fast-growing aquatic fern with immense potential in driving towards agriculture sustainability. Thriving in waterlogged environments, this hardy plant forms a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, making it a natural fertilizer for crops like rice. Rich in protein, Azolla is also an affordable, eco-friendly feed for livestock and fish, reducing reliance on commercial alternatives. Its rapid growth and carbon sequestration capabilities contribute to climate resilience and resource efficiency. The water in the pond is enriched with nitrogen and can be used to irrigate plants/crops, increasing its value to farmers. Farmers in low-income regions are embracing Azolla as a game-changer, unlocking opportunities to boost productivity, improve soil health, and transition toward more sustainable farming practices.
Recognizing Azolla’s potential, the CGIAR-funded Transformational Agroecology across Food, Land, and Water Systems Initiative, also known as the Agroecology Initiative (AEI) in Zimbabwe, is integrating it into agroecological approaches in Murehwa. This initiative, which operates through five work packages (WPs), is reimagining farming systems by combining innovative business models (WP3) with agroecological technologies (WP1).
Chicken fowl run in Murehwa, (Photo: Loveness Mudarikwa, CIMMYT)
In one of the districts in Murehwa, AEI Zimbabwe selected poultry business model working in collaboration with Hamara Chicks, focusing on resilient and dual-purpose Sasso chickens. Known for their resistance and ability to free-range, these chickens provide both meat and eggs, offering farmers diversified income streams. Hamara Chicks implemented a two-stage model: first the brooding stage, where farmers raise chicks up to four weeks old and then sell them to other farmers who raise them from juveniles to maturity. While promising, the first cycle faced challenges, including a lack of affordable, nutritious feed, and difficulties in securing a market post-brooding and after maturity. To address these issues, WP1 and WP3 identified Azolla as a potential supplemental or alternative feed to support the poultry business model.
The dilemma of Azolla: Two sides of the coin
Azolla farming offers a compelling mix of benefits for sustainable agriculture. Environmentally friendly and resource-efficient, Azolla farming requires minimal land, water, and inputs, making it particularly suitable for small-scale farmers seeking cost-effective solutions. Its rapid growth is one of its standout attributes; under optimal conditions, Azolla can double its biomass in just 3-5 days. This rapid growth allows farmers to produce significant quantities of forage with limited investment, significantly reducing feed costs and increasing overall profitability. Its ability to be harvested daily ensures a consistent and reliable feed supply.
Nutritionally, Azolla is a powerhouse. With a protein content of 25-30% (dry weight), it is packed with essential amino acids, vitamins such as A, B12, and beta-carotene, and essential minerals. When incorporated into livestock and poultry diets, Azolla contributes to improved health, faster growth rates, and better production results. For smallholder poultry farmers, these benefits translate into tangible gains in meat and egg production, providing a pathway to higher incomes. Moreover, Azolla’s agricultural utility extends beyond animal feed. Its nitrogen-fixing capability enriches soil fertility, reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers and supporting sustainable crop production systems.
However, as promising as Azolla is, its cultivation is not without challenges. Water availability is a critical requirement, posing a potential barrier in regions with limited water resources. In Murehwa, Zimbabwe, where the CGIAR-funded Transformational Agroecology Initiative is promoting Azolla, horticulture farmers already have access to reliable water sources, alleviating this concern.
Another challenge is the maintenance of Azolla ponds. To thrive, Azolla requires well-managed conditions, including optimal pH levels and nutrient balance. Poorly maintained ponds can compromise growth and productivity. Recognizing this, farmers participating in the initiative have received extensive hands-on training to effectively manage and sustain these conditions effectively, ensuring that Azolla remains a viable and productive resource.
Empowering farmers through training and capacity building
The initiative partnered with KDV Consultancy to train 70 farmers, including 40 women in Murehwa, equipping them with essential skills for Azolla cultivation. The training sessions focused on pond construction, maintenance, and integration of Azolla into poultry feeding systems. This hands-on approach ensures that farmers can sustainably enhance their poultry value chains.
Training in progress in Murewa (Photo: Dorcas Matangi/CIMMYT)Training in progress in Murewa (Photo: Dorcas Matangi/CIMMYT)Training in progress in Murewa (Photo: Dorcas Matangi/CIMMYT)Training in progress in Murewa (Photo: Dorcas Matangi/CIMMYT)
By co-designing solutions with farmers, the initiative prioritizes their needs and challenges, and promotes practical, farmer-driven outcomes. Empowering farmers with the knowledge and tools to implement sustainable practices not only strengthens their resilience but also enhances the long-term sustainability of poultry production in Murehwa. This collaborative effort is laying the groundwork for a more robust and adaptive agricultural future.
The integration of Azolla farming represents a promising step towards achieving a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system in Murehwa. By addressing the feed challenges faced by poultry farmers, Azolla not only enhances poultry production but also contributes to the broader goals of food security and economic stability in the region. As the Transformational Agroecology across Food, Land, and Water Systems project progresses, the positive impacts of innovative practices like Azolla farming continue to support the well-being and livelihoods of farmers in Murehwa.
This image illustrates one of the SCASI’s practices – mulching – in the Wolaita Zone. Mulching is key to improving soil health, conserving moisture and increasing crop productivity in sustainable agriculture (Photo: CIMMYT)
Ethiopia faces increasing challenges from climate change, including erratic rainfall, soil erosion and longer dry seasons. With a rapidly growing population of more than 120 million, the country’s agricultural systems and natural resources are under considerable pressure. To address these challenges, the Scaling Conservation Agriculture-based Sustainable Intensification (SCASI) project, launched in March 2022 and implemented by CIMMYT and CFGB networks with the financial support from the Development Fund of Norway, offers a promising solution. SCASI integrates Conservation Agriculture-based Sustainable Intensification (CASI) practices to improve productivity while conserving natural resources.
The SCASI initiative is an exemplary model of how holistic agricultural approaches can enhance crop productivity, improve soil health, and build resilience to climate change in Ethiopia. Here’s an overview of the project’s key components and impacts.
Key components of CASI
CASI is a comprehensive production system in which conservation agriculture (minimum tillage, covering the soil surface with mulch and use of cereals and legumes in the form of intercropping or crop rotation) is combined with improved seeds, application of recommended organic and inorganic fertilizers, use of best management practices (recommended seed rate, timely weeding, proactive pest management, etc.) to increase productivity per unit area while improving the health of the production environment (soil, climate, fauna and flora and biodiversity). CASI also includes practices that help optimize the mixed crop-livestock systems by reducing the competition for crop residues through the promotion of alternative fodder crops, alley cropping, agroforestry and other locally adapted innovations.
Implementation across Ethiopia
Targeted Regions: The initiative was implemented in eight districts in the Amhara, Oromia, Benishangul-Gumuz, and South Ethiopia regions, each with unique agricultural contexts.
Direct Impact: Approximately 15,000 households (more than 75,000 smallholder farmers) have directly benefited, been capacitated, and gained access to sustainable practices that improved their productivity and livelihoods.
Partnership: Creates a unique partnership between national institutions, international organizations, and NGOs to support and strengthen national capacity to demonstrate and scale up CASI practices. Implements a collaborative and inclusive process in which partners contribute based on their expertise, capacity, and thematic focus.
How do we implement SCASI?
This is a well-managed plot in Baro village, Ura district, illustrates the key components of the SCASI project in Benishangul Gumuz. The effective implementation of sustainable agricultural practices is evident, reflecting the positive impact on productivity, diversification and soil health (Photo: CIMMYT)
The SCASI project uses an approach that integrates collaborative partnerships, with CIMMYT leading action research, the Ministry of Agriculture and regional offices aligning policy, and NGOs (CFGB, FHE, TDA, MSCFSO) engaging communities. It is supported by a comprehensive implementation framework that includes large-scale demonstrations to illustrate the benefits of CASI, action research to adapt practices to local needs, and capacity building to empower farmers and stakeholders for sustainable adoption and scalability.
CIMMYT’s researchers, provide action research findings that highlight the multifaceted approach of the SCASI initiative, which focuses on context-specific solutions to improve agricultural productivity and sustainability in Ethiopia. Birhan Abdulkadir, SCASI project leader and agronomist at CIMMYT, said, “We conducted a comprehensive participatory assessment to identify the major production constraints in the 40 kebeles and developed site-specific packages from the combinations of CASI practices. These were implemented in mega demonstrations on host farmers plots with close support from CGFB networks and BoAs. We facilitated access to inputs and provided technical backstopping.”
The project also uses farmer-centered approaches to promote the practices. Host farmers train other farmers and share knowledge and skills through farmer field schools (FFS), self-help groups (SHG), various farmer social networks and media. All these scaling efforts are coherent, inclusive and effective in different contexts and have played a crucial role in catalyzing the adoption and scaling up of CASI practices over the past nearly three years.
The merits of SCASI
The SCASI project has had a significant impact in Ethiopia, particularly in helping farmers improve productivity and soil health. As evidence of the project’s effectiveness in addressing the challenges farmers face, Birhan Abdulkadir noted that by adopting minimum tillage and using crop residues as mulch and compost, among other recommended practices, farmers have dramatically increased their maize yields. This approach not only improves productivity and soil health but also saves time on weeding and reduces production costs.
In August 2024, a delegation of donor representatives and implementing partners visited the Benishangul Gumuz Region and Wolaita Zone for a joint monitoring and evaluation field visit. This visit provided valuable insights into the impact of the project in Ethiopia. Interacting with technology adopters and government partners, the team observed positive results and encouraging examples of how the project is improving agricultural practices. These interactions highlighted the benefits of the interventions, reinforcing the project’s effectiveness in improving farmers’ livelihoods and promoting sustainable practices in the region. In total, 3,700 hectares of agricultural land in the Asosa zone are now using SCASI, demonstrating the project’s widespread impact.
Mr. Bobeker Holeta, Head of the Benishangul Regional State Bureau of Agriculture, emphasized the commitment to understanding the SCASI project over the past two years. He highlighted its effectiveness as a sustainable to improve farmers’ food security and climate resilience. As a result, the regional government has decided to expand the use of this technology to cover 50% of the region’s agricultural land. He believes this decision is an important step in supporting farmers and transforming the agricultural system, ultimately leading to a more resilient and productive agricultural landscape.
Mr. Beshir Hitman, a host farmer from Asosa Zone in Akendo Afafri village, has experienced significant benefits from adopting SCASI technology. Starting with just 0.4 hectares two years ago, he has now expanded his operations to 2.5 hectares. Previously, farmers relied on broadcasting and multiple tillage systems, which were effective but labour intensive. Mr Hitman points out that the SCASI methods have not only improved his crop production and productivity but have also saved him time and labor by minimizing weeding.
In Asosa zone, Ura District, Baro Village, farmer Rawda Mustefa stands proudly on her SCASI project plot. Her successful adoption of sustainable practices demonstrates the positive impact on her farming results (Photo: CIMMYT)
The thriving maize fields of farmer Fantan Karamala in Dunga Arumela village, Ura district, Asosa zone illustrate the effectiveness of the SCASI project. Her commitment has resulted in an impressive six quintals increase in maize yield. By incorporating mulching with crop diversification and expanding her demonstration to 2 hectares, she has successfully intercropped soybean with maize, significantly increasing her income.
Farmers in the Wolaita zone are also inspired by the principles and benefits of SCASI technology. Many have adopted sustainable practices that enhance productivity and improve soil health. The positive impact on yields and incomes has motivated these farmers to adopt innovative approaches, fostering a community-wide commitment to resilience and food security. Their shared experiences highlight the transformative potential of technology in their farming practices.
Farmer Adanech Bebiso in the Boloso Sore district of Wolaita Zone beams with joy as she reaps multiple benefits from her small plots of land managed under the SCASI project. Her positive experience reflects the transformative impact of sustainable agricultural practices on her livelihood (Photo: CIMMYT)
Adanech Bebiso shared her experience, stating, “We began using SCASI after the training we received in 2021. Along with inputs like improved seeds, ginger, taro, sweet potatoes, and forage plants, we also received regular technical support. Previously, using conventional techniques yielded minimal results for many years. SCASI has transformed our operations, and we are reaping the benefits. I started with a 60x40m plot, and my maize harvest increased dramatically from 6 to 16 quintals. This farm has improved our lives in many ways, and we are truly benefiting from this endeavor.”
The reduction of multiple tillage and the production of organic fertilizers, such as vermicompost, have empowered women to become more actively involved in farming. In addition, the availability of fodder has opened up new opportunities for farmers, allowing them to explore alternative businesses such as livestock fattening and dairy production. Many farmers are replacing local cows with improved varieties to enhance milk production and dairy quality.
These changes not only improve the farmers’ livelihoods but also foster social cohesion and build economic capital within the community. For example, the establishment of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) has become a valuable platform for technology transfer, financial savings, and access to credit, further supporting their agricultural and business endeavors.
Host farmers like Amarech Koricho play a key role in their communities by sharing their knowledge. She has trained around 50 fellow farmers in her area about SCASI practices. As a result, these farmers are thriving and actively adopting CASI practices to improve their land management and crop production. Their collective efforts are having a significant impact on sustainable agriculture in the region.
During the joint monitoring visit facilitated by CIMMYT, Tilahun Tadesse, Program Manager of the Terepeza Development Association (TDA), emphasized the advantages of the SCASI approach. He noted that farmers wereexperiencing higher yields per hectare and greater resilience during droughts compared to conventional methods. He attributed the success of these trials to farmers’ commitment, progressive learning, and increased awareness. The variety ofcrops grown onthe demonstration plots are producingimpressive results, further demonstratingthe effectiveness of the SCASI project.
Lessons and future directions
Action research conducted over two years in four regions of Ethiopia highlights the potential of SCASI to drive agricultural transformation. By integrating conservation agriculture with sustainable intensification principles, it effectively addresses immediate agricultural challenges while building resilience to the impacts of climate change. This initiative goes beyond increasing agricultural productivity and improving soil health; it also promotes the expansion of social capital and strengthens system resilience. The practices have effectively reached rural communities through various channels, including radio, demonstrating that targeted, long-term promotion efforts increase the uptake of CASI. The tangible successes experienced of early adopters motivate non-adopters to join the movement. Additionally, host farmers play a crucial role in cascading knowledge and practices to their peers, further facilitating the scaling up of CASI practices. By combining sustainable farming practices with community-based solutions, SCASI empowers farmers to overcome collectively address challenges.
Looking ahead, a sustained commitment to institutional capacity building, the integration of CASI-friendly policies into regional and national frameworks, and effective resource mobilization will be critical to sustaining the momentum of SCASI and expanding its benefits throughout Ethiopia. By expanding the initiative’s reach, CIMMYT and its partners aim to foster a more resilient, productive and sustainable agricultural future that adapts to the country’s diverse agro-ecological conditions. This collective effort will not only improve food security but also empower communities to thrive in the face of climate challenges.
Participants attended the opening ceremony at NAS Complex in New Delhi (Photo: CIMMYT)
CIMMYT, the Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) jointly organized a three-week training course on conservation agriculture (CA) and regenerative agriculture (RA). The program focused on the potential of sustainable farming methods as vital tools for managing risks in agrifood systems in both irrigated and rainfed areas.
Held from December 3–23, 2024, the training brought together farmers, scientists, and stakeholders to explore innovative solutions to agrifood challenges. Sessions were held at the ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research and BISA in Ludhiana, Punjab; the ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute in Karnal, Haryana; and the ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Building Resilient Agrifood Systems
Conservation agriculture (CA) and regenerative agriculture (RA) are approaches to land management that prioritize ecosystem health. These practices are based on three core principles: minimal soil disturbance, continuous soil cover, and crop diversification. Together, they improve yields, restore natural resources, reduce farming costs, and develop resilient agricultural systems that protect the environment, enhance climate resilience, and improve rural livelihoods, particularly in the Global South.
In South Asia, where rural communities rely heavily on natural resources, farmers face significant challenges, including loss of soil fertility, water scarcity, pollution, and the effects of climate change. These pressures are straining agricultural systems, particularly in irrigated and dryland farming areas.
Despite the clear benefits of CA, adoption remains limited due to barriers such as lack of knowledge on how to implement CA in different agro-ecologies, limited access to appropriate tools, insufficient policy support, and low awareness of the long-term benefits of CA. To address these challenges, training and capacity development are essential for scaling up CA technologies among smallholder farmers and ensuring their long-term impact.
The Advanced Course on CA/RA in Asia was launched in 2010 by CIMMYT in partnership with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to address the challenges of sustainable agriculture. Since its inception, advanced training workshops have been held annually, and this is the 13th edition.
The training bridges cutting-edge scientific research and multidisciplinary strategies, equipping participants with skills in sustainable intensification, diversification of production systems, resilience-building, and natural resource conservation. To date, CA training has benefited more than 220 researchers, policymakers, and development practitioners from 20 countries.
The 13th edition, held in India, welcomed mid-career researchers from Uzbekistan, Morocco, and India. The course was coordinated by Mahesh Gathala, Cropping Systems Agronomist, and Alison Laing, Agroecology Specialist, both from CIMMYT; Madhu Choudhary, Senior Scientist at ICAR-CSSRI; and Raj Kumar Jat, Senior Scientist at BISA.
Key Highlights of the Advanced Conservation Agriculture Training Course
The Advanced Conservation Agriculture (CA) course was inaugurated on December 4, 2024, at the NASC Complex in New Delhi. The inaugural address was delivered by S.K. Chaudhari, Deputy Director General for Natural Resource Management at ICAR, who highlighted the importance of CA in addressing climate challenges and managing agronomic risks. Chaudhari emphasized CIMMYT’s leadership in promoting CA in India and reflected on the impact of the program, saying, “I have been watching this course for many years. Many young scientists have benefited from this course.” He also fondly recalled the inaugural training session held 13 years ago and extended his best wishes to all the participants. Watch his complete statement here.
Participants experiencing hands-on training at the BISA farm in Ludhiana.
During the course, participants explored a wide range of topics related to conservation agriculture (CA) and regenerative agriculture (RA) in different agro-ecologies. Key areas of focus included the role of emerging technologies such as drones, carbon credits, soil fertility, nutrient management, crop modeling, and soil testing in informing policy. Experts from various scientific disciplines provided valuable insights into cutting-edge research for both irrigated and dryland systems.
At BISA’s research station in Ludhiana, participants gained practical experience through hands-on training sessions conducted under the expert guidance of H.S. Sidhu and Manpreet Singh (both from Punjab Agricultural University), with the support of Pardeep Sangwal (BISA).
Participants learning new techniques at CSSRI, Karnal (Photo: CIMMYT)
The training included field visits to ICAR-CSSRI in Karnal, where Director R.K. Yadav, Madhu Choudhary, and Kailash Prajapat presented the Institute’s long-term conservation agriculture (CA) experiments. They also conducted hands-on demonstrations on soil biology and its role in generating evidence for policy decisions.
In addition, Mahesh Gathala conducted hands-on training in basic soil physical and chemical analysis techniques at joint ICAR-CIMMYT field plots in Karnal.
Special visits were organized to innovative agricultural machinery manufacturers, including Landforce and National Agroindustry, where participants observed advanced manufacturing techniques and explored the latest agricultural equipment.
Participants also interacted with the manufacturers’ association at the 5th India International Agri Expo in Ludhiana, gaining insights into emerging trends in agricultural machinery.
Participants visited the National Agro manufacturing unit in Ludhiana, Punjab (Photo: CIMMYT)
In addition, a village visit outside Karnal gave participants the opportunity to interact with farmers practicing conservation agriculture (CA). Farmers shared their experiences, giving participants a first-hand look at the practical benefits and real-world impact of CA on farming communities.
A visit to Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab (Photo: CIMMYT)
The success of the program underscores the importance of continued collaboration and training in advancing sustainable agricultural practices. By equipping participants with practical skills, cutting-edge knowledge, and opportunities to connect with peers across regions, the training was instrumental in advancing conservation agriculture (CA) and regenerative agriculture (RA).
Participants left the program with enhanced technical expertise, greater confidence in applying CA practices, and valuable insights into emerging areas such as carbon credit schemes and innovative agricultural technologies. These results underscore the critical role of capacity development in strengthening food security, building climate resilience, and promoting sustainable development in the Global South.
In Nepal, hope is slowly taking root in the mid-hills as communities and farmers transform traditional systems into productive, diversified, nutritious and market-oriented farming systems. Through the CGIAR Mixed Farming Systems (MFS) Initiative, farmers like Ms. Birma Sunar and communities like Gurbhakot in Surkhet are building a transformative pathway. Since 2022, CIMMYT and IWMI have been supporting communities in planning and engaging stakeholders in identifying organizational and technical solutions. The initiative aims to increase milk production through improved forages, improve nutrition and income diversification through high-value fruit trees, and improve water efficiency in vegetable production through micro-irrigation.
Birma Sunar, 49, a determined farmer from Surkhet, represents the aspirations of countless smallholder farmers struggling to survive on limited means. A Dalit woman and an amputee, her small plot of land was once dedicated to subsistence farming, leaving her family struggling to make ends meet. The maize and wheat she grew barely lasted a year, and her family of seven was struggling for food. With her husband earning meager wages as a day laborer, the family often faced food insecurity.
Her perspective on farming began to change when she became involved with the Mixed Farming Initiative. Birma received training in the cultivation of high-value fruit trees and the planting of Napier grass to feed dairy cattle, as well as micro-irrigation techniques. With her new skills and the eight mango saplings and one lychee tree she received from the Initiative as part of action research, she hopes to increase her family’s income..
“I was unaware of commercial farming,” says Birma. “I have a lime tree and a banana tree in my field however, it used to be for home consumption. But now, once my mango and lychee trees start giving fruits, I hope to sell the produce in local markets and earn enough to buy essential household items and feed my family.”
Last year, she planted high-value fruit saplings that are now growing into healthy plants, giving her hope for stability and food security in the future.
Birma Sunar intercultivating a mango plant (Photo: Lokendra Chalise/CIMMYT)
After working abroad for a few years in the hope of a brighter future, Santosh KC, 25, returned home, disheartened yet determined. Equipped with the knowledge gained from his agricultural education and a passion for change, he started a nursery for high value fruit trees and improved forages and ventured into dairy farming with Napier grass.
The journey was not easy. In the first year, Santosh faced losses, and his family doubted the viability of his efforts. But with unwavering dedication, he turned his fortunes around. Today, Santosh cultivates 45 ropanis (2.29 hectares) of land, raises 22 goats, and earns a steady income. He also participates in the Mixed Farming Initiative training organized jointly with the Gurbhakot municipality and mentors farmers on the benefits of mixed farming.
“For many youths, farming doesn’t seem like a viable option. However, with support for modern agricultural techniques and market integration, we can build livelihoods that are not just sustainable but rewarding,” shares Santosh.
A Municipal Vision: Building Resilient Communities
The Initiative has been jointly implemented by CIMMYT and IWMI in the local municipality of the working district. With the support of the initiative, the Gurbhakot municipality is playing a critical role in scaling up the benefits of mixed farming. Recognizing the value of the crops, the municipality has embraced Napier grass and high-value fruits as key components of its agricultural strategy. By prioritizing mangoes, lychees, oranges, and lemons, the municipality aims to improve household nutrition and create commercial opportunities for farmers.
“We distributed high-value fruit trees to farmers last year under the theme ‘One Home, Two Fruit Plants’. This year, we’re planning a study to identify the best topography for different fruits. This knowledge will allow us to scale our goal to integrate these practices into larger public programs, creating decent livelihoods for farmers,” said Mr. Hasta Pun, Mayor of Gurbhakot Municipality.
Mayor Hasta Pun (Photo: Lokendra Chalise/CIMMYT)
A Vision for the Future
The Mixed Farming Initiative has been critical in identifying solutions to bring tangible improvements to smallholder farmers like Birma and Santosh, but it has also strengthened local governance and resilience. In the three years of implementation, the pilot program in Gurbhakot in Surkhet and Halesi-Tuwachung in Khotang has set the stage for scaling up these efforts in more municipalities. By 2030, the initiative aims to impact 13 million people and ensure equitable opportunities for women, youth, and marginalized communities.
By nurturing the saplings of high-value fruits and integrating forages, local leaders and farmers in the mid-hills of Nepal remain motivated and committed to rewriting their story —One of hope, resilience, and the promise of a food-secure future.
