CIMMYT training courses play a critical role in helping international researchers meet national food security and resource conservation goals. By sharing knowledge to build communities of agricultural knowledge in less developed countries, CIMMYT empowers researchers to aid farmers. In turn, these farmers help ensure sustainable food security. In contrast to formal academic training in plant breeding and agronomy, CIMMYT training activities are hands-on and highly specialized. Trainees from Africa, Asia and Latin America benefit from the data assembled and handled in a global research program. Alumni of CIMMYT courses often become a significant force for agricultural change in their countries.
Pest and disease outbreaks in agriculture are increasing at an alarming rate due to the impacts of climate change, with shifting temperatures and erratic weather patterns creating favorable conditions for pests and pathogens to thrive. This growing challenge threatens crop yields and food security across climate-vulnerable regions. Dr. Prasanna Boddupalli, Distinguished Scientist and Regional Director for Asia at CIMMYT, underscores the urgent need for climate-resilient, pest- and disease-resistant crop varieties, alongside robust surveillance systems and strengthened capacity building. Addressing these risks through integrated, science-driven strategies is vital to safeguarding plant health and securing resilient agrifood systems for the future.
The One Health approach, which connects human, animal, and environmental health, is increasingly shaping agricultural research to address global health and food security challenges. During CGIAR Science Week, experts highlighted the need for cross sector collaboration and evidence based policy. CIMMYTâs Dr. Jordon Chamberlin shared how research on livestock health and sustainable farming aligns with this approach, supporting integrated solutions for resilient agrifood systems.
This strategic partnership aims to advance productivity, resilience, and economic opportunities for farmers by leveraging science, technology, and strong international collaboration. The MoU focuses on key areas such as innovation and bioeconomy, trade and regional integration, climate-resilient agriculture, family farming, agrifood digitalization, and agricultural health and safety.Â
Dr. Bram Govaerts, Director General of CIMMYT, highlighted the importance of innovation and market-driven solutions: âPartnerships like CIMMYTâIICA turn science into scale. Together, we’re accelerating innovation, supporting farmers, and strengthening food systems across the Americasâbecause global challenges demand connected solutions.”Â
Dr. Manuel Otero, Director General of IICA, added: âThis collaboration reflects our shared commitment to strengthening agricultural resilience, enhancing food security, and promoting economic growth in rural areas. With the increasing global demand for transforming food systems, IICA views this partnership as another testimony to its commitment to ensuring that farmers and agribusinesses across the Americas benefit from science, innovation and responsible resource management .âÂ
Through this agreement, CIMMYT and IICA will implement joint research initiatives, promote knowledge exchange, and support innovation-driven solutions that empower farmers, enhance supply chains, and expand market opportunities.Â
For more information, visit iica.int and cimmyt.orgÂ
Established in August 2023 and convened byâŻCIMMYTâs Dryland Crops Program (DCP),âŻADCIN is a collaborative network uniting over 200 scientists from more than 17 countries across sub-Saharan Africa. Its mission is to create a dynamic and sustainable community to develop and deliver improved varieties of dryland crops in the region. By leveraging the collective expertise of its multidisciplinary members, ADCIN strives to accelerate the access of enhanced crop varieties to smallholder farmers.
Through this partnership, ZARI has modernized its facilities and practices, creating a model for agricultural innovation in Eastern and Southern Africa. These advancements reflect a powerful vision of enhancing the capacity of breeding programs, improving crop resilience, and boosting food security for communities across the continent.
The Challenges of Transformation
Historically, ZARI faced significant challenges that limited its potential. As Lloyd Mbulwe, Acting Chief Agriculture Research Officer at ZARI, recalls:
“We faced research-related hurdles, from outdated lab facilities and inefficient irrigation systems to limited digital infrastructure and insufficient seed storage.”
These issues hindered not only ZARIâs ability to innovate but also its capacity for collaboration with regional and international partners.
With limited resources, ZARI was unable to meet the demand for high-quality, consistent research and innovation. Data collection was often manual, errors were common, and collaboration was difficult. The lack of modern infrastructure restricted the scope of experiments and the instituteâs ability to respond to critical regional issues such as climate change and food insecurity.
A New Era of Modernization and Strategic Partnerships
In partnership with ADCIN, ZARI has received targeted funding and technical support, enabling transformative upgrades across its infrastructure that are redefining its research capabilities.
“The upgrades have reshaped our research capabilities,â Mbulwe explains. âWith new equipment, enhanced data management systems, and a suitable greenhouse, weâre conducting better plant breeding experiments that directly address the regionâs target product profiles.â
In July 2023, CIMMYTâs Dryland Crops Program conducted breeding program assessments of ZARIâs Golden Valley location, where the national instituteâs sorghum and millets breeding programs are being conducted. Mark Nas, CIMMYTâs Sorghum and MilletsBreeder for Eastern and Southern Africa, describes ZARIâs program as, âa high-potential program composed of talented and dedicated researchers and technicians, but in need of significant infrastructure upgrades if they are to meaningfully contribute to the shared regional breeding pipelines.â
With a subaward granted to ZARI by the end of 2023, Mbulwe and his team quickly worked on implementing the suggested improvements from the program assessments. Key upgrades include a greenhouse facility for speed breeding and controlled drought research, allowing researchers to rapidly produce lines for regional trials, while evaluating regional materials for drought tolerance. Enhanced water storage and solar power installations now enable uninterrupted research, even during power outages, a frequent challenge in this region. Transitioning to Starlink internet has also strengthened ZARIâs capacity for regional and international collaboration, and real-time data delivery, bridging communication gaps and enabling seamless data sharing.
Boosting Capacity for Impact
The new facilities have transformed ZARIâs capacity for impactful research. Rapid generation advance techniques, where breeding populations are quickly advanced through successive selfing generations, allow ZARI researchers to conduct multiple plantings within a yearâdramatically boosting progress in line development.
Additionally, the upgrades also enable off-season research through the ZAMGRO Project, which has expanded water storage capacity from 45 cubic meters to an impressive 3,600,000 cubic meters. With year-round breeding, farming and water management research are now possible, giving ZARI an edge in breeding programs.
Mbulwe shares how automated data collection systems and standardized procedures have further improved the precision and reproducibility of ZARIâs research. âOur teams are now equipped to produce high-quality data leading to actionable results,â he says. âThese improvements ensure the quality of outcomes and make our processes more efficient.â
A Vision for the Future
Looking ahead, ZARI plans to scale its research impact by establishing a Center of Excellence for Climate-Smart Agriculture and establishing a biotechnology lab to advance genetic improvement. Expanding greenhouse and irrigation systems, as well as enhancing digital infrastructure for data management, are key priorities. ZARI also aims to strengthen public-private partnerships to bridge the gap between research and practical applications for farmers across Zambia and beyond.
Inspiration and Best Practices for Other NARES Institutions
ZARIâs success story serves as an inspirational blueprint for other National Agricultural Research and Extension Systems (NARES) institutions. Through strategic partnerships, targeted investments in infrastructure, and an emphasis on capacity building, ZARI has shown what is possible when organizations and their leaders commit to modernizing and adapting to the evolving challenges of agriculture.
From irrigation upgrades to energy-efficient, solar-powered facilities, ZARIâs best practices are setting the stage for similar projects in other regions. âWeâve demonstrated that modernization can make a profound difference in NARES breeding programs,â says Dr. Mbulwe. âItâs about leveraging every resource to upgrade our plant breeding capabilities to address the challenges that climate change and food security bring to our region.â
The Role of ADCIN in Agricultural Innovation
ADCIN has been instrumental in supporting this transformation. Through its technical assistance, funding, and strategic guidance, ADCIN has empowered ZARI and other NARES institutions to elevate research standards across Africa. By aligning investments with regional research priorities, ADCIN not only supports individual institutions but also strengthens agricultural networks on a continental scale. Harish Gandhi, Associate Director of CIMMYTâs Dryland Crops Program, states, âWe are operating in a new and transformative model of working with our partners. We want our partners to be resourced to succeed.â
ADCINâs efforts to enhance research capacity, foster collaboration, and improve governance have seen significant returns. âThis partnership has made ZARI a stronger institution,â Mbulwe asserts. âOur research output, regional partnerships, and access to funding have all grown. ADCINâs support reaffirms its commitment to advancing the excellence of regional breeding and other research in dryland crops across Africa.â
Take-Home Message
ZARIâs journey is a prime example of the power of strategic investment, collaboration, and a shared commitment to addressing climate and food security challenges by building the capacity of national programs through equitable subawards. As it continues to innovate, ZARI remains a symbol of progress for agricultural research across Sub-Saharan Africa. With support from ADCIN, ZARIâs advancements signal a brighter, more resilient future for African dryland crops agricultureâone rooted in science, collaboration, and the promise of food security for all.
CIMMYT participated in the international training on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) organized by ICRISAT under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Program, joining CGIAR centers and institutions from 16 countries to strengthen global understanding of IPR in agricultural research. Through its involvement, CIMMYT contributed to the exchange of knowledge and best practices on innovation protection, policy development, and strategic interventions essential for advancing responsible agricultural innovation. This engagement reflects CIMMYTâs broader commitment to capacity development and the promotion of equitable access to agricultural technologies that support sustainable and inclusive food systems.
In Colombia, the path towards a more sustainable and resilient agriculture is gaining unprecedented momentum. Thanks to the implementation of the Sustainable Agrifood Colombia project, various national and international institutions are collaborating to strengthen food security and agricultural productivity through technological innovations and knowledge management models. Among these collaborations is the Hub methodology, an innovation management model developed in Mexico by CIMMYT, in conjunction with various stakeholders, which is already being successfully replicated in Guatemala, Honduras, and several African countries.
Researchers from CIMMYT engage in dialogue with Colombian technicians and producers (Photo: Sustainable Agrifood Colombia)
The project, coordinated by the Bioversity & CIAT Alliance, has 18 strategic partners for its execution, among which Agrosavia, CIMMYT, and Fenalcecontribute to the maize production system. The objective is to transform the Colombian agri-food sector through the adoption of sustainable agricultural technologies and the strengthening of collaboration networks among producers, researchers, and other key stakeholders.
To this end, pilot regions have been identified where the Hub methodology is implemented, promoting knowledge sharing, validation of innovative practices, and capacity building.
The project articulation meetings and field visits were held in Colombia’s main corn-producing regions: northern Valle del Cauca, Tolima, and CĂłrdoba. During these visits, teams from the Bioversity & CIAT Alliance, AGROSAVIA, Fenalce, and CIMMYT evaluated production conditions, identified strengths and areas of opportunity, and designed strategies for consolidating the innovation territories.
One of the most significant results of these evaluations was the definition of a training plan for producers, researchers, and technicians. This plan, which has already taken its first steps, seeks to provide local stakeholders with tools to improve maize crop yields through sustainable agronomic practices, pest management, and seed conservation.
In November, three workshops were held in different regions of the country. The first two were held in La UniĂłn, Valle del Cauca, and in MonterĂa, CĂłrdoba, with the aim of identifying and involving key stakeholders in the maize production system. The third, held in Vereda Nueva Platanera, Tierralta, CĂłrdoba, focused on seed production and conservation for small producers. Based on these events, a mapping of actors was carried out in order to analyze the interactions within the maize production network. This exercise made it possible to evaluate the degree of innovation adopted by farmers and the influence of different actors, such as technicians, companies, universities, and government institutions, in the dissemination of knowledge and the adoption of sustainable technologies.
The results of these workshops have been encouraging. To date, 220 people have been trained on key issues such as pest management (particularly Dalbulus maydis, which has recently been a serious problem), seed production and conservation, and climate change adaptation strategies. In addition, stakeholder mapping has facilitated the identification of opportunities to strengthen collaborative networks and promote the adoption of innovations in the production system.
One of the key lessons learned has been the importance of constant monitoring in the implementation of sustainable management strategies. Workshop participants have highlighted the need to generate training spaces from the initial stages of cultivation, including the preparation of plots for planting, to maximize the benefits of sustainable practices.
The Hub approach, which has proven to be an effective model in Mexico and other countries, is making significant progress in Colombia. By connecting the actors in the maize value chain, facilitating the generation and socialization of knowledge, and driving innovation from the local level, this methodology represents a comprehensive solution to address the country’s agricultural challenges.
With the coordinated work of institutions, producers, and scientists, Colombia is laying the foundations for a more resilient and competitive agri-food sector. CIMMYT’s experience in implementing the Hub methodology in different regions of the world is an example of how science, innovation, and collaboration can transform the future of Colombian agriculture.
How can market intelligence and seed system insights drive varietal turnover for groundnut, sorghum, and beanstakeholders? This was the central question explored during a series of workshops convened by the Accelerated Varietal Improvement and Seed Systems in Africa (AVISA) and The Accelerated Varietal Adoption and Turnover for Open-Pollinated Varieties (ACCELERATE) projects.
Held from October 21-25, 2024, across three locations in Tanzania, these workshops were designed to identify practical solutions for improving varietal turnover.
The AVISA Project focuses on modernizing crop breeding programs and strengthening seed systems to enhance the productivity, resilience, and marketability of key dryland cereals and legumes in sub-Saharan Africa. By ensuring that smallholder farmers have access to high-quality improved varieties, AVISA contributes to better food security, nutrition, and economic development.
ACCELERATE, complementing AVISAâs efforts, focuses on market-driven adoption strategies by analyzing the requirements and constraints of both large- and small-scale marketplace traders. It aims to catalyze the uptake of new varieties through market intelligence-driven interventions and foster partnerships across formal, semi-formal, and informal seed sectors to accelerate varietal adoption and turnover.
The workshops opened with expert presentations from breeders and seed system specialists from CIMMYT, CIAT, and TARI. Key topics included the adoption of improved seeds for groundnuts, sorghum, and beans; groundnut processing for peanut butter; the sustainability of digital inclusion initiatives; challenges and opportunities in seed systems; and the increasing demand for crops such as groundnuts, sorghum, and beans. The speakers provided valuable insights into crop production, seed availability, market demand, and the desired traits for improved crop varieties.
Dar es Salaam, Arusha, and Dodoma â Stakeholders across Tanzania gathered to explore how market intelligence and seed system insights drive varietal turnover for groundnut, sorghum, and bean value chain (Photo: Marion Aluoch/CIMMYT)
Three separate sessions were held in Arusha, Dodoma, and Dar es Salaam, bringing together farmers, processors, traders, and researchers to deliberate on systemic challenges affecting varietal turnover. Participants then identified practical solutions to enhance the adoption of improved varieties of sorghum, beans, and groundnuts.
Opening each workshop session, TARI representatives emphasized the critical role of high-quality seeds in realizing higher crop yields and achieving agricultural growth.
âWe are here to ensure improved varieties leave shelves and reach farmersâ fields in efforts to support the envisaged 5% annual growth in agriculture,â remarked Fred Tairo, the TARI Manager in Dar es Salaam. In Arusha, Nicholaus Kuboja, TARI Center Director, Selian, highlighted the importance of market intelligence. âMarket intelligence is crucial, as market access has been a persistent challenge across African countries, particularly for smallholder farmers, in securing profitable markets for their produce.â
The Director General of TARI, Thomas Bwana, speaking in Dodoma, focused on partnerships. âWe are actively promoting the production and distribution of early generation seed, particularly breeder seed, for access by downstream seed producers. Through collaborations with other value chain actors, we strive to ensure that these seeds meet the quality standards needed by both seed and grain producers, as well as consumers who are keen on specific varietal traits,â he noted.
The subsequent discussions underscored the importance of collaboration and innovation to meet the rising demand for these vital crops.
Identifying Challenges
In experience sharing among participants across the three workshops, some key challenges were brought to light. For instance, farmers reported limited access to certified seeds as a major barrier to increasing productivity. A farmer from Dodoma expressed concern that current seed distribution networks often do not reach remote areas, leaving farmers with no option but to use inferior seeds from the sources available.
âWe want to use quality seed, but the distribution networks donât reach us,â he said. On the other hand, traders expressed frustration over inconsistent supplies of high-quality grain produce, which is also aggravated by poor grain handling due to inadequate storage conditions leading to contamination.
Stakeholders in Arushain a group discussion, sharing insights, challengesand strategies to enhance market-driven adoption of improved crop varieties.(Photo: Marion Aluoch/CIMMYT)
One groundnut trader noted, âPoor pre- and post-harvest handling has led to smaller, shriveled nuts, making it difficult for traders to meet market expectations.â Processors echoed these concerns, highlighting aflatoxin contamination as a significant problem that undermines both product safety and marketability. They stressed the need for better practices. âWe need better practices at every stage of the value chain to minimize aflatoxin contamination in the grains sourced for processing,â emphasized one processor.
Additional challenges emerged, with common bean farmers highlighting difficulties with post-harvest storage and pest damage, which reduced both quality and market value. Processors, meanwhile, pointed out consumer misconceptions that hinder the acceptance of improved varieties. For instance, white sorghum varieties that naturally turned brown during processing were sometimes perceived as inferior, underscoring the need for better consumer education.
Unveiling Solutions
Despite the challenges, the workshops were a source of optimism, as well as underscoring viable, innovative solutions and actionable strategies to drive progress. Participants explored newly released crop varieties, including TARI Sorg 1 and TARI Bean 6, which offer higher yields, disease resistance, and improved nutritional content. Stakeholders in Dodoma emphasized the use of digital tools such as WhatsApp channels and SMS for real-time updates on seed availability and agronomic practices. âModernizing how we share knowledge can bridge gaps between farmers and researchers,â remarked one participant.
Capacity building emerged as a key strategy for tackling many of the systemic issues discussed. Farmers called for more training on seed handling and post-harvest practices to reduce losses and improve crop quality. Processors stressed the need for targeted interventions for aflatoxin management, a critical step in ensuring the safety and marketability of groundnuts. Researchers and agricultural organizations underscored the importance of aligning breeding programs with market needs.
In Arusha, discussions centered on developing groundnut varieties tailored to specific processing needs, such as improving peanut butter quality to meet consumer preferences and market standards.
Participants engage in a practical session during the Dar es Salaam workshop, exploring digital tools and market insights to enhance seed systems and varietal adoption.(Photo: Marion Aluoch/CIMMYT)
Expanding the seed distribution network also emerged as a key priority. TARI committed to scale up the production of Quality Declared Seed (QDS) and strengthen partnerships with private seed companies to ensure a consistent supply of high-quality seeds across the country. âQuality seeds must reach every corner of the country,â affirmed a TARI scientist. The stakeholders also called on breeding programs to align with market demands, emphasizing the need to tailor improved varieties to specific consumer and processor requirements.
Insights from Stakeholders and Actionable Strategies
Breakout sessions provided a platform for stakeholders to articulate their specific needs. Farmers from Dodoma and Dar es Salaam shared a common observation of increasing demand for groundnuts, sorghum, and beans, largely driven by population growth and international market expansion. In Dodoma, farmers emphasized that improved crop varieties had significantly boosted cultivation over the past decade.
Despite this progress, they highlighted the lack of drought-resistant varieties and limited access to affordable, high-quality seeds as persistent challenges. In Dar es Salaam, farmers noted that while demand for the crops had risen, their ability to meet this demand was hampered by limited seed availability and education on effective usage. Both groups agreed that weak seed distribution networks, high seed prices, and insufficient knowledge undermine productivity.
Stakeholders in Dodoma engage in discussions, sharing their insights on enhancing varietal adoption. (Photo: Marion Aluoch/CIMMYT)
Processors and traders from both Arusha and Dar es Salaam echoed these concerns but added insights into market dynamics. In Arusha, processors identified aflatoxin as a critical challenge, with inadequate farmer knowledge on grain handling practices exacerbating the issue. Processors also emphasized the need for nutrient-enhanced beans and groundnuts suited for specific products like peanut butter and flour. Traders in Arusha highlighted the need for pure white sorghum and beans free from pests to meet growing demand, particularly for export markets.
As the workshops concluded, participants identified key strategies to strengthen agricultural resilience. These included improving the seed supply chains, enhancing market linkages, and investing in continuous learning and education initiatives.
Echoing this vision, the TARI Director General emphasized in Dodoma, âThis is just the beginning. By working together, we can ensure that every farmer, processor, and trader has the tools and knowledge needed to thrive in a rapidly evolving agricultural landscape.â
Cosmas Chachi’s demo fishpond – one of the nine ponds where he trains locals in fish farming (Photo: Cosmas Chachi)
Cosmas Chachi, a 46-year-old businessman, owns Triple Blessing Supermarket in Zambia’s Luwingu District. In 2000, Cosmas identified an opportunity to address the growing demand for fresh fish in his community and started selling the product in his local area. Like many rural entrepreneurs, Cosmas faced initial challenges such as unreliable supply chains, insufficient cold storage, and limited access to financing, all of which prevented him from meeting the rising demand from local customers. Undeterred, Cosmas embarked on a transformative journey into aquaculture.âŻÂ
The turning point for Cosmas occurred in April 2023 when he participated in a training program on integrated aquaculture under the aegis of the Southern Africa Accelerated Innovation Delivery Initiative (AID-I) Rapid Delivery Hub, led by CIMMYT. The training implemented by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), one of the key implementing partners of the project, emphasized sustainable intensification and equipped Cosmas with advanced skills in sustainable feed management, water quality control, efficient harvesting methods, and business management, among other areas.âŻÂ Â
A view of Cosmas Chachiâs Triple Blessings Supermarket, a thriving hub where he sells fish from his fishponds and manages his off-taking business (Photo: Cosmas Chachi)
“The training equipped me with expert knowledge in aquaculture management and skills to design and operate efficient fishponds,” Cosmas said.âŻ
With his new-found expertise, Cosmas upgraded three of his existing fishponds and built six more, each measuring 13×15 meters. To meet customer demand, he introduced a strategic stocking system, staggering the placement of 1,000 fingerlings across his nine ponds. This innovation ensured consistent fish supply even during Zambia’s annual fish ban. “By stocking and harvesting my ponds, I can maintain a steady supply even during the national fish ban when local supply decreases because some other farmers who supply my supermarket depend on fish from natural water bodies,” Cosmas shared.âŻÂ
Creating livelihoods and building resilience
Cosmasâ aquaculture enterprise has become an economic engine in his community, employing 25 permanent workers, primarily local youth, and offering seasonal jobs to 12 more. For Emmanuel Makumba, a shop attendantâŻat Triple Blessing supermarket for the last eight years, the opportunity has been life changing. âThe job at the supermarket helped me relocate from my village, build my own house, and send my children to a private school,ââŻsaid Emmanuel.Â
In June 2024, his business received a significant boost with the installation of a 15-ton cold storage facility, funded by IWMI through the AID-I project. The upgrade significantly reduced post-harvest losses and enhanced Cosmas’ fish storage capacity. It ensures a steady supply for his business and the farmers he supports, strengthening the local aquaculture value chain.âŻÂ
âIn the past, we could only purchase 50 to 100 kilograms (kg) of fish at a time, selling it at US$ 2.50 per kg,â Cosmas shared. With the new cold storage facility, Cosmas can now buy and store up to 700 kg of fish per harvest without the risk of spoilage. The effort not only secures a reliable supply for his business but also creates a dependable market for local consumers, fostering growth and sustainability in the regionâs aquaculture sector.âŻÂ
A ripple effect of progress: Expanding aquaculture for community impact
Today, Cosmasâ success goes beyond his supermarket. He owns a thriving restaurant, offering customers a unique dining experience with fresh fish from his ponds. âThe training I received during the AID-I workshops helped me transform my passion for aquaculture into a successful business. Now, in addition to the supermarket, I own a popular restaurant and outdoor fishponds, offering customers a unique dining experience,â he said.âŻÂ
Fish from local fish farmers before being stocked at Triple Blessings Supermarket (Photo: Cosmas Chachi)
Building on his business success, Cosmas has further expanded his impact by transforming his fishponds into practical classrooms, offering free, hands-on training to aspiring fish farmers. Over the past year, he has trained 50 farmers in sustainable aquaculture best practices.âŻÂ
As more farmers in Luwingu adopt these practices, local food security improves, and income streams diversify. Cosmasâ leadership is stabilizing the communityâs food supply and improving diets with nutrient-rich fish. This aligns with AID-Iâs broader goal to promote sustainable and scalable agricultural models.âŻÂ
By September 2024, the AID-I project, through IWMIâs efforts, had supported 297 fish farmers with training, market linkages, and tools for success across Northern and Luapula Provinces: creating a ripple effect of progress and also addressing Zambiaâs fish supply and demand gap.âŻThe project empowers communities to adopt innovative and sustainable aquaculture practices, driving growth in fish production and ensuring a more reliable supply to meet the needs of a growing population. As fish is a critical source of protein and essential nutrients, fostering a sustainable aquaculture sector is vital for supporting Zambia’s food security and nutritional goals.âŻÂ
Cosmas’ journey exemplifies the power of partnerships, innovation, and resilience in driving community progress. It underscores the potential for a robust aquaculture sector in Zambia, where challenges spur solutions and success benefit entire communities. Through AID-Iâs comprehensive interventions, Cosmasâ story of transformation offers a vision for sustainable development in rural Zambia, led by innovation and community empowerment.
The first harvest from the fish demonstration was attended by Mr. Sakala, District Livestock Coordinator, who was invited to observe the progress and assess the impact of the initiative (Photo : Cosmas Chachi)
Improved seeds of sorghum and groundnut have been a game-changer for farmers in Nigeria, doubling their yields and transforming their livelihoods.
At the Farmers’ Field Day organized by the Centre for Dryland Agriculture (CDA)in Tofa Local Government, farmers from 22 adopted communities of CDA shared their remarkable stories of increased productivity and income.
(Photo: CIMMYT)
As a partner in the AVISA project and the African Dryland Crop Improvement Network (ADCIN), in collaboration with CIMMYT, CDA plays a vital role in developing and disseminating improved seed varieties tailored for dryland farming systems. Through comprehensive research efforts, CDA focuses on screening and selecting superior seed varieties for multiplication and distribution, ensuring that agricultural practices remain both sustainable and productive.
The AVISA project, funded by the Gates Foundation, aims to enhance food security, resilience, and the livelihoods of small-scale producers and consumers in the dryland regions of Nigeria and eight other countries in West and Central Africa, including Senegal, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Mali, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger. By strengthening networks to modernize crop breeding and fostering public-private partnerships, AVISA works to improve the productivity, profitability, and marketability of key dryland crops, including sorghum, millet, groundnut, cowpea, and common bean.
Similarly, ADCIN, established in August 2023 and convened by CIMMYT through its Dryland Crops Program (DCP), serves as a collaborative platform bringing together over 200 scientists from more than 17 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. ADCINâs mission is to foster a dynamic and sustainable network dedicated to improving dryland crop varieties and ensuring their accessibility to farmers. By leveraging the collective expertise of its multidisciplinary members, the network aims to accelerate the adoption of resilient and high-yielding crops, ultimately transforming dryland agriculture.
Farmers shared compelling testimonies about the impact of CDAâs work on their productivity and income. Faruk Haruna, a beneficiary of CDA’s training and improved seeds, testified that his millet yield skyrocketed from 15â20 bundles to 52 bundles, a staggering increase of 200%. He jokingly referred to CDA as the “Cash Development Association” due to the significant financial gains.
(Photo: CIMMYT)
Nasiru Yusuf, another farmer, reported an impressive four-fold increase in yieldâapproximately a 400% increaseâwith the improved sorghum seeds, leading to a substantial boost in income.
Women farmers also praised CDAâs initiatives. Amina Habibu and Nafisatu Auwalu shared how CDA’s training and improved seeds have transformed their farming practices and benefited numerous women farmers’ associations.
(Photo: CIMMYT)
“CDA’s efforts have been instrumental in improving agricultural practices among local farmers,” said Deputy Director of Training, Prof. Sanusi Gaya Mohammed.
He emphasized the centerâs commitment to enhancing farming through research and community engagement.
Echoing this sentiment, the Deputy Director of Outreach and Publications of CDA, Professor Amina Mustapha, said CDA is happy with the progress made by the farmers and how their farming systems have improved. She noted that the field day provides farmers with an opportunity to interact with the centre and learn best practices to further enhance their productivity.
Dr. Hakeem Ajiegbe, a senior researcher at CDA, underscored the importance of modern farming practices. âFarming all over the world has changed, and it is imperative for farmers to adopt best practices to improve their yield,â he said.
The district head of Tofa Local Government, Alhaji Sunusi Abubakar Tofa, commended CDA for its impact on farmers in the 22 adopted communities. He urged local farmers to continue embracing CDAâs innovations to enhance food production and ensure long-term agricultural sustainability.
FabiĂĄn, his gaze marked by years of experience, speaks of his land with the pride of someone who has learned to listen to the voice of the earth. “We used to plant the way God guided us,” he says, recalling the days when farming was a practice of intuition and inherited wisdom.
Today, with the support of SEFADER technicians like Reinalda GĂłmez and her team, they have transformed their approach to farming. FabiĂĄn and Tomasa have learned to respect the rhythms of the soil, to give back what they take, and to see each plant through a new lens. “It’s like food for food,” FabiĂĄn explains.
Corn and beans grow unhurriedly in their fields. The land is enriched with crop residues that were once fed only to livestock, along with compost that was once discarded. “It’s a lot of work, but it’s our life,” says FabiĂĄn, with the firm determination of someone who understands that effort is part of the cycle.
For Tomasa, each harvest is a link to her ancestors. “The land gives us life,” she says with unwavering certainty. In her fields, milpa thrives alongside squash, beans, amaranth, and purslane, in a balance that requires patience and respect. She has learned to let nature do its work, to understand that burning fields robs the soil of its ability to renew itself. “We pile up the weeds, let them decompose, and that’s how the land nourishes itself,” she explains.
The journey has not been easy. Last year, a violent storm destroyed much of their crop. “It grew beautifully, but the wind tore everything down,” FabiĂĄn recalls with resignation. But they are not giving up. “We make do with what God gives us, because it is more than enough for us.” What remains is harvested as seed for the next cycle.
Every application of bio-inputs, every crop diversification, every lesson shared by agricultural engineers has changed their way of farming and their understanding of life. The land, once seen as an adversary that imposed its own rules, is now an ally that responds generously to care.
The story of FabiĂĄn and Tomasa is a testament to resilience and learning. It is proof that agriculture can be different, that tradition and innovation can go hand in hand. Because in every bean they harvest, in every ear of corn they save for the next cycle, there is a valuable lesson: the land gives back what it receives. And in Santa Catarina, under the sun that shines on FabiĂĄn and Tomasa’s fields, life flourishes with strength.
Farmers in Zaka with their recent harvest of drought tolerant maize (Photo: CIMMYT)
In Zimbabwe, CGIAR, through CIMMYT, runs a maize breeding program to strengthen food security and livelihoods in a country where maize is a staple crop. The program spans diverse testing plots â managed exclusively by men, women, or both â providing crucial insights into real-world farm dynamics. A significant component of our work is the extensive on-farm trials conducted across various regions, helping us understand how men and women farmers interact with and benefit from new maize varieties. Here are two ways we ensure that women-managed plots reap the same benefits as those led by men in Zimbabwe.
Increasing Women’s Representation in Crop Breeding Trials
This dichotomy highlights the importance of on-farm trials in the crop development process, as they provide insights into the diverse needs and realities of different farmer groups.
Zimbabweâs maize breeding program has expanded on-farm trials significantly over the past few years, by over five-fold. However, women-managed plots are often underrepresented in participatory approaches. Research from Kenya also showed that trial participants are often wealthier and more educated, benefiting from stronger access to information and agricultural networks.
Training to Ensure Inclusive Farmer Representation
CGIAR and CIMMYT often rely on partners with direct connections to farming communities to select host farmers for breeding trials. Recognizing the risk of bias and underrepresentation of women farmers in this process, we designed a training program for extension officers to ensure a more representative selection of women farmers from different socioeconomic backgrounds in the country.
Without intentional representation, trial results may skew toward wealthier, male-managed farms â limiting their relevance for the broader farming population. In addition, in Zimbabwe, women-managed households are not a homogeneous group. Our research identified two distinct categories, each with unique challenges and needs. One group was wealthier in terms of agricultural assets and livestock, with a greater area under maize production. The second group of women-managed households was more resource-poor, with smaller livestock herds and greater use of intercropping within maize fields.
Using data from a survey of over 2,000 farmers, we worked to validate farmer selection processes, ensuring that women farmers were accurately represented. Today, this training is conducted annually and has become a key component of our programâs approach.
For too long, on-farm trials did not adequately reflect the diversity of farming realities. Through this gender-sensitive approach, we are now able to fine-tune recruitment methodologies to account for socioeconomic disparities. By ensuring that all groups are included in trials, we can develop and promote maize varieties that truly serve the diverse realities of Zimbabwean farming households.
Farmer in Murehwa District with her drought tolerant maize variety (Photo: Jill Cairns/CIMMYT
Incorporating Gender and Social Considerations into the Testing of Novel Genetic Technologies
In hybrid maize seed production, both male and female plants are planted side by side to facilitate controlled pollination. A critical step in this process is detasseling â the removal of male flowers (tassels) from the female plants to prevent self-pollination. If detasseling is not done correctly, the resulting seeds will not express hybrid vigor, ultimately affecting yield and performance.
This process presents two major challenges. Incomplete detasseling can result in hybrid purity issues that can lead production fields to either being rejected or farmers unknowingly paying for lower-quality seed that impacts productivity. Accidental leaf loss during the detasseling process also reduces female seed yields by approximately 14%.
To address these challenges, a Gates Foundation-funded project we implemented has explored ways to simplify the process of hybrid maize seed production by removing the need to detassel through a novel genetic technology. This technology also had a clear benefit for women farmers.
Why This Matters and How to Scale the Innovation
Although seed production involves multiple steps, this innovation has direct benefits, especially in resource-limited settings. Since only 50% of plants produce pollen, this approach optimizes yieldâparticularly under low-nitrogen conditions, where many smallholder farmers struggle. The technology is adaptable across different maize varieties, making it a scalable solution.
To validate this approach, we conducted station trials, followed by on-farm testing. These trials are helping us understand how both men and women farmers adopt and benefit from these varieties, particularly in drought-prone areas, where women are more likely to recycle seeds.
With the knowledge that in drought-prone years women were more likely to recycle hybrid seed, we refined our testing strategy to evaluate potential yield benefits if recycled. We found the technology provided a small, yet significant yield benefit should a farmer choose to recycle hybrid maize seed in an anticipated drought season.
Our approach provides insights into how gender and social inclusion considerations can be incorporated into breeding testing strategies. By evaluating variety performance across real-world farm conditions and gathering insights to refine and optimize future breeding efforts, new varieties will meet the needs of men and women farmers in Zimbabwe.
Conclusion
When promoting the adoption of new maize varieties and technologies, gender is one factor among many that shape adoption. Early- and late-stage on-farm trials are essential in bridging the gap between scientific innovation and real-world impact, ensuring that the varieties we develop are not only high-performing in research settings but also practical, accessible, and beneficial for all farmers.
To achieve this, a transdisciplinary approach is key. Integrating social scientists into breeding and development strategies provides deeper insights into how different farming groups interact with new technologies. By refining our selection process, testing, and deployment, we can ensure that both women- and men-managed farms benefit equitably, ultimately driving food security and better livelihoods.
Farmer Tariro from Gokwe South prepares maize for milling (Photo: CIMMYT)
CIMMYT has strengthened agricultural research and breeding programs in Zimbabwe by donating machinery to Gwebi College of Agriculture to modernize breeding efforts and enhance genetic gains. This support equips breeding stations with advanced tools, reduces field labor, and expands research opportunities, including for women in technical roles. By fostering research partnerships and developing high-yield, climate-resilient maize varieties, CIMMYT is driving innovation to combat pests, diseases, and climate challenges, ultimately improving smallholder farmersâ productivity and supporting Zimbabweâs goal of increasing maize yields.
“Five of us borrowed $100 from our Vikoba group and invested it in seed production. Not only did we repay the loan with interest, but we also made a profit,” says Skola Sichalwe, a member of an extraordinary group of women who are transforming their community in Ivuna Village, Momba District. Vikoba groups, grassroots savings and credit associations, operate as informal microfinance systems in rural communities, empowering members with access to small loans and promoting financial independence. These groups often provide a lifeline for women seeking financial stability and growth in rural areas. What began as small savings groups has blossomed into a powerful movement of women breaking barriers and creating a legacy of resilience, innovation, and success. These womenâonce skeptical about venturing into seed productionâare now thriving entrepreneurs, producing quality sorghum seeds and inspiring others in their community to follow their lead. Their journey began with a chance encounter with Miss Zainab Hussein, a passionate seed producer and a youth champion. Her vision and mentorship planted the first seeds of change. “I used to think farming was just about survival,” says Pauline Martin. “But Zainab showed us that with the right knowledge and tools, farming can be a business; a way to change our lives.”
A leap of faith in seed production
Before venturing into the world of seed production, these women were members of Vikoba groups, pooling their savings to lend and borrow money. While this system was helpful for meeting immediate financial needs, it offered little opportunity for growth or long-term investment. Everything changed when Zainab Hussein, an experienced seed producer and youth champion, began attending their meetings. Zainab introduced the group to the potential of improved seeds and the opportunities in seed production. She explained how adopting high-quality sorghum seeds could significantly increase yields and profits, far exceeding the returns from what traditional grain farming could offer. Her visits became a game changer, sparking curiosity and inspiring action among the women. “Zainabâs dedication inspired us,” says Skola Sichalwe. “She didnât just train us. She believed in us.” As a trainer, mentor, and role model, Zainab played a central role in their transformation. She guided the women through the complexities of seed production, teaching them essential planting techniques, helping them understand TOSCI regulations, and offering practical solutions to challenges they encountered along the way. “She showed us how seed production could not only improve yields but also become a profitable business,” recalls Pauline Martin.
Zainab Hussein, a passionate seed producer and mentor whose guidance and leadership inspired the women to venture into successful seed production and transform their lives. (Photo: CBCC)
Inspired by Zainabâs success, the women saw an opportunity to turn their savings into a sustainable investment. This journey was further supported by the establishment of Youth and Women Quality Centers (YWQCs) under the Center for Behavior Change Communication (CBCC) and the Accelerated Varietal Improvement and Seed Systems in Africa (AVISA)project through CIMMYT. The AVISA project, led by CIMMYT, piloted the YWQC model to address key challenges faced by rural farmers, including limited access to quality seeds, market linkages, and knowledge on improved farming practices. These community-led centers serve as hubs that enhance last-mile seed access by working with seed companies and local producers, ensuring a consistent supply of quality seed. They also facilitate market linkages by connecting farmers with aggregators and off-takers, improving market access and profitability. Additionally, YWQCs provide capacity-building initiatives, equipping youth and women with training in farming practices, local seed production, and business skills. The model further promotes collective action by encouraging farmers to form associations, strengthening their bargaining power and collective marketing efforts. These centers became hubs of opportunity, providing essential infrastructure and resources such as access to certified seeds, extensive training, and advanced farming technologies such as the multi-crop thresher through a cost-sharing arrangement. This technology not only improved efficiency but also ensured the quality of processed seeds, increasing its market value. The project also facilitated crucial linkages between the women and certified seed producers, ensuring they had access to high-quality inputs for their production. In some cases, the project even helped them find markets for their seeds, closing the loop and creating a sustainable business model. And so, they began the journey of seed production, transforming not only their own lives but also their community.
The womenâs group plants sorghum using proper spacing techniques, a transformative practice essential for certified seed production, which they adopted after training by CBCC and mentorship from Zainab. (Photo: CBCC)
With loans from their Vikoba groups, they purchased quality seeds and accessed the tools, training, and market linkages provided by the YWQCs. “For years, we saved money but didnât know what to invest in,” says Halima Kajela. “Seed production gave us a clear opportunity to grow.”
Challenges: A Test of Determination
The journey wasnât without hurdles. Rodents feasted on the carefully spaced sorghum seeds, a new planting method the women had to adopt for certification. “Broadcasting seeds was easier, but seed production required precise planting and spacing,” Halima explains. “This made it harder to protect the seeds from pests and animals.” Excessive rain washed away seedlings, requiring several rounds of replanting. Cattle from neighboring farms often invaded their fields, causing further damage. Adopting good agronomic practices such as proper spacing, timely weeding, and regular inspections was initially difficult for these women, who were unaccustomed to the disciplined approach required in seed production. Despite these setbacks, the women persevered. With Zainabâs guidance and support from the YWQCs, they implemented solutions like using seed planters which saved time and effort during planting, knapsack sprayers helped combat pests and diseases, and multi-crop threshers simplified the post-harvest process. All these tools saved time and improved efficiency.
Triumph in the fields
And their hard work paid off. In their very first season, the women achieved remarkable success, producing three tons of TARISOR 2, an improved sorghum variety. This achievement not only set them apart from other first-time producers in the district, but also marked the beginning of a transformative journey.
Before the arrival of multi-crop thresher, the women relied on traditional methods to thresh sorghum. Their dedication laid the foundation for their transformation into successful seed producers. (Photo: CBCC)
The impact of their efforts went far beyond the impressive harvest. Ten women became officially registered seed producers with the Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute (TOSCI), gaining recognition and credibility in the seed production business. Two members received specialized training in seed and fertilizer dealership, equipping them to expand their services and outreach to the community. Four women ventured into distributing essential agricultural inputs, such as maize seeds and hermetic bags, further diversifying their income streams and supporting local farmers. Recognizing the need for efficient post-harvest processing, the group collectively contributed to the purchase of a multi-crop thresher. This crucial investment significantly streamlined their operations, reducing labor and ensuring higher-quality processed seeds. Their efforts quickly translated into financial rewards. Within a short time, they sold one ton of their high-quality seeds, earning over $700. As word of their success spread, demand for their seeds continued to grow, promising even greater opportunities in the seasons ahead.
A ripple effect of change
Their success has had a profound effect on their community. The womenâs achievements have earned them respect, and their influence is inspiring others to follow in their footsteps. “Before this, I didnât believe in seed production,” says Pauline. “But after seeing Zainabâs success and what we achieved, even my husband now supports me fully in this venture.” Their impact extends beyond their fields. Other Vikoba groups have invited them to share their knowledge on seed production, and 10 new women have expressed interest in joining the initiative. By making improved sorghum varieties more accessible, theyâve also helped increase production and reduce food insecurity in their village.
Looking ahead: Planting seeds for the future
Inspired by their success, the women have ambitious plans. With a clear vision for the future, they are determined to expand their seed production enterprise and bring its benefits to a wider community. One of their primary goals is to extend their production to neighboring wards, such as Mkomba. To make their knowledge and improved seed varieties more accessible, they plan to establish demonstration plots closer to the village center. These plots will serve as practical learning sites, allowing more farmers to experience the advantages of using certified seeds and adopting best practices. “The demand for quality seeds is growing,” says Halima Kajela, one of the group members. “Weâre committed to meeting that demand and helping more farmers improve their yields.” They are also exploring ways to diversify their operations. They aim to invest in distributing other agricultural inputs and post-harvest services such as threshing, to support farmers in the community and generate additional income. For these women, seed production isnât just a businessâitâs a symbol of empowerment.
A group photo of the panelists after the discussion on sustainable seed delivery systems at the STAK Congress & Expo 2024 (Photo: Marion Aluoch/CIMMYT)
Kenyan farmers continue to face significant challenges in accessing quality seed, particularly for dryland crops. To address this, Kenya introduced the Standard Certified Seed (SCS) class as a strategic initiative to bridge the gap between fully certified seed and informal farmer-saved seed, as semi-formal seed classes such as quality-declared seed are not legally recognized.
Officially launched in 2020, the SCS class offers a unique opportunity and has the potential to transform the seed sector for open-pollinated and vegetatively propagated crops, including indigenous vegetables, by ensuring quality while making seed production and certification more accessible and affordable. During a recent panel discussion, Lilian Gichuru, Seed Systems Specialist for Eastern and Southern Africa for the Dryland Crops Program at CIMMYT, highlighted its importance. She asked a critical question: “How can we leverage the opportunity presented by standard seed to ensure the delivery of quality seed to farmers, especially in underserved areas?”
This was the focus of a session on sustainable seed delivery systems at the Seed Trade Association of Kenya (STAK) Congress & Expo, held in Nairobi on November 6 and 7, 2024. Themed “Leveraging Technologies That Strengthen Agricultural Resilience and Climate-Smart Seed Systems,” the event served as a platform for knowledge-sharing, collaboration, and innovation. CIMMYT participated as one of the sponsors of the Congress.
To set the stage for the panel discussion, Ephraim Wachira, Deputy Director for Seed Certification at the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS), provided an overview of the SCS and highlighted Kenya’s efforts to implement its certification process. He described initiatives such as awareness meetings for seed merchants, training programs for outgrowers on certification processes, seed production and agronomic practices, and field inspections to ensure quality compliance. KEPHIS conducted field inspections, sampling, and laboratory testing to ensure quality compliance for 106 metric tons of seedâincluding sorghum, green gram, and cowpeaâduring a pilot phase, with a portion of the seed certified and labeled.
Despite these achievements, challenges persist. Limited farmer knowledge, dispersed farms, high production costs, and the impacts of climate changeâsuch as the need for irrigation solutionsâcontinue to pose obstacles. Slow adoption by mainstream seed companies and technical difficulties with online certification systems also hinder progress. However, opportunities lie in increased funding for climate-smart crops, government support for dryland agriculture, and growing farmer awareness. Wachira emphasized the importance of stakeholder engagement, saying, “Collaboration and stakeholder engagement are critical to ensuring farmers access high-quality seeds and advancing Kenya’s food security goals.”
The panel discussion provided valuable insights from Ephraim Wachira, Mutheu Ngila of Dryland Seeds, Thomas Kariuki, Head of Seed Production at Simlaw Seed, and Mulemia Maina, Managing Director of Agri Experience. Lilian Gichuru moderated the session and guided the conversation as the panel unpacked the concept of standard seed and evaluated its impact and progress.
Panelists emphasized that the standard certified seed class relaxes certain certification requirements, such as reducing the number of field inspections, lowering isolation distances, and adjusting allowable off-types. This adjustment is made without compromising essential quality standards, including disease tolerance limits, which are largely unaffected by the standard seed class protocols. The standard seed class remains a certified seed class.
“The concept of standard seed came from the realization that many farmers rely on farm-saved seed, which is often of unknown quality,” said Wachira. “Standard seed provides an option that improves seed quality while making production and certification of these important crops more practical and affordable.”
Despite its potential, the adoption of SCS faces significant challenges. One key issue is the high cost of production. “Production costs remain high, limiting the price advantage of standard seed. Seed companies often need to operate across multiple locations to meet certification standards, which drives up costs,” explained Mutheu Ngila of Dryland Seeds.
Another issue is low farmer awareness of the availability of certified standard seed for dryland cropsâthis lack of awareness has slowed adoption. “Farmers need to know that standard seed is a better option than farmer-saved seed in terms of quality,” said Gichuru. Without sufficient awareness, farmers continue to rely on informal systems, which are often less reliable and can introduce disease.
Logistics are another major challenge. Wachira noted, “Many standard growers register plots of less than one acre in scattered locations, making efficient inspections difficult. The small and dispersed production areas drive up costs and complicate the inspection process.” However, this challenge creates an opportunity for private inspection services to serve these remote plots.
The limited commitment of seed companies to this class of seeds remains an obstacle. Many companies have hesitated to invest in standard certified seed production due to concerns about profitability and the need for clearer differentiation in price and quality.
The panelists outlined several solutions to overcome these challenges and identified opportunities to scale standard certified seed.
One promising strategy is community-based production and certification. Mulemia Maina of Agri Experience emphasized the importance of localizing seed production. “Localizing seed production can save farmers significant costs. Transporting seed from distant regions is expensive, but if farmers can access seed locally, it becomes much more affordable.” In addition, localizing field inspections could lower costs and increase efficiency. “KEPHIS is ready to train more private community inspectors and district inspectors to manage this category of seed,” Wachira explained. This model could enable private companies to engage more farmers and improve the efficiency of certification.
Another opportunity is the growing emphasis on climate-resilient crops. Donors and government initiatives are increasingly prioritizing crops such as sorghum, millet, and pigeon pea that thrive in dryland conditions. These efforts align with the goal of scaling up the production of standard seed.
Raising awareness among farmers about the benefits of standard seed is critical to encouraging adoption. Thomas Kariuki, Head of Seed Production at Simlaw Seed, noted that creating more capacity-building programs for farmers would help them understand their role and expectations in seed multiplication. “We also need to engage consumers to understand the quality and value of standard seed to protect market potential,” he added.
To successfully scale up standard certified seed, all stakeholdersâgovernment, private sector, and donorsâmust work together to address challenges and leverage opportunities.
The private sector plays a critical role in driving adoption. Kariuki stressed the importance of incentivizing seed companies to engage in the production of standard seed. “Balancing affordability, accessibility, and quality is critical,” he said. “This is how we ensure farmers benefit while seed companies remain viable.”
Capacity building is essential to train seed companies, inspectors, and farmers on the production, certification, and benefits of this class of seed. In addition, regulatory adjustments should be made to facilitate the certification process. For example, the introduction of specialized inspectors for field inspections could eliminate the need for companies to use KEPHIS inspectors.
Developing markets for dryland crops is also vital to stimulate demand and encourage seed production. Finally, promoting collaboration among stakeholders will ensure the alignment of policies and resources.
Kenya is a world leader in standard seed certification, having developed robust protocols and standards that ensure quality without imposing prohibitive costs. Other countries are exploring similar models, but Kenya’s success could serve as a blueprint for others in Africa.
Lilian Gichuru, Seed Systems Specialist at CIMMYT, introducing the topic of sustainable seed delivery systems and presenting the panelists at the STAK Congress (Photo: Marion Aluoch/CIMMYT)
As Gichuru reflected, “Standard seed represents an opportunity to transform Kenyaâs seed sector. But it will take collective effort, patience, and continued investment in awareness and capacity building to realize its full potential.”
Mutheu echoed this sentiment, emphasizing the importance of balancing quality, affordability, and accessibility: “Balancing affordability, accessibility, and quality is critical. This is how we ensure that farmers benefit while seed companies remain viable.”
As Wachira concluded, “Standard certified seed is about giving farmers a better optionâone that is affordable, accessible, and of high quality. Letâs bring these benefits to the farmers who need them most.”
A handful of azolla (Photo: Telma Sibanda, CIMMYT)
Often referred to as âgreen gold,â Azolla is a small, free-floating and fast-growing aquatic fern with immense potential in driving towards agriculture sustainability. Thriving in waterlogged environments, this hardy plant forms a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, making it a natural fertilizer for crops like rice. Rich in protein, Azolla is also an affordable, eco-friendly feed for livestock and fish, reducing reliance on commercial alternatives. Its rapid growth and carbon sequestration capabilities contribute to climate resilience and resource efficiency. The water in the pond is enriched with nitrogen and can be used to irrigate plants/crops, increasing its value to farmers. Farmers in low-income regions are embracing Azolla as a game-changer, unlocking opportunities to boost productivity, improve soil health, and transition toward more sustainable farming practices.
Recognizing Azollaâs potential, the CGIAR-funded Transformational Agroecology across Food, Land, and Water Systems Initiative, also known as the Agroecology Initiative (AEI) in Zimbabwe, is integrating it into agroecological approaches in Murehwa. This initiative, which operates through five work packages (WPs), is reimagining farming systems by combining innovative business models (WP3) with agroecological technologies (WP1).
Chicken fowl run in Murehwa, (Photo: Loveness Mudarikwa, CIMMYT)
In one of the districts in Murehwa, AEI Zimbabwe selected poultry business model working in collaboration with Hamara Chicks, focusing on resilient and dual-purpose Sasso chickens. Known for their resistance and ability to free-range, these chickens provide both meat and eggs, offering farmers diversified income streams. Hamara Chicks implemented a two-stage model: first the brooding stage, where farmers raise chicks up to four weeks old and then sell them to other farmers who raise them from juveniles to maturity. While promising, the first cycle faced challenges, including a lack of affordable, nutritious feed, and difficulties in securing a market post-brooding and after maturity. To address these issues, WP1 and WP3 identified Azolla as a potential supplemental or alternative feed to support the poultry business model.
The dilemma of Azolla: Two sides of the coin
Azolla farming offers a compelling mix of benefits for sustainable agriculture. Environmentally friendly and resource-efficient, Azolla farming requires minimal land, water, and inputs, making it particularly suitable for small-scale farmers seeking cost-effective solutions. Its rapid growth is one of its standout attributes; under optimal conditions, Azolla can double its biomass in just 3-5 days. This rapid growth allows farmers to produce significant quantities of forage with limited investment, significantly reducing feed costs and increasing overall profitability. Its ability to be harvested daily ensures a consistent and reliable feed supply.
Nutritionally, Azolla is a powerhouse. With a protein content of 25-30% (dry weight), it is packed with essential amino acids, vitamins such as A, B12, and beta-carotene, and essential minerals. When incorporated into livestock and poultry diets, Azolla contributes to improved health, faster growth rates, and better production results. For smallholder poultry farmers, these benefits translate into tangible gains in meat and egg production, providing a pathway to higher incomes. Moreover, Azolla’s agricultural utility extends beyond animal feed. Its nitrogen-fixing capability enriches soil fertility, reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers and supporting sustainable crop production systems.
However, as promising as Azolla is, its cultivation is not without challenges. Water availability is a critical requirement, posing a potential barrier in regions with limited water resources. In Murehwa, Zimbabwe, where the CGIAR-funded Transformational Agroecology Initiative is promoting Azolla, horticulture farmers already have access to reliable water sources, alleviating this concern.
Another challenge is the maintenance of Azolla ponds. To thrive, Azolla requires well-managed conditions, including optimal pH levels and nutrient balance. Poorly maintained ponds can compromise growth and productivity. Recognizing this, farmers participating in the initiative have received extensive hands-on training to effectively manage and sustain these conditions effectively, ensuring that Azolla remains a viable and productive resource.
Empowering farmers through training and capacity building
The initiative partnered with KDV Consultancy to train 70 farmers, including 40 women in Murehwa, equipping them with essential skills for Azolla cultivation. The training sessions focused on pond construction, maintenance, and integration of Azolla into poultry feeding systems. This hands-on approach ensures that farmers can sustainably enhance their poultry value chains.
Training in progress in Murewa (Photo: Dorcas Matangi/CIMMYT)Training in progress in Murewa (Photo: Dorcas Matangi/CIMMYT)Training in progress in Murewa (Photo: Dorcas Matangi/CIMMYT)Training in progress in Murewa (Photo: Dorcas Matangi/CIMMYT)
By co-designing solutions with farmers, the initiative prioritizes their needs and challenges, and promotes practical, farmer-driven outcomes. Empowering farmers with the knowledge and tools to implement sustainable practices not only strengthens their resilience but also enhances the long-term sustainability of poultry production in Murehwa. This collaborative effort is laying the groundwork for a more robust and adaptive agricultural future.
The integration of Azolla farming represents a promising step towards achieving a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system in Murehwa. By addressing the feed challenges faced by poultry farmers, Azolla not only enhances poultry production but also contributes to the broader goals of food security and economic stability in the region. As the Transformational Agroecology across Food, Land, and Water Systems project progresses, the positive impacts of innovative practices like Azolla farming continue to support the well-being and livelihoods of farmers in Murehwa.
