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Tag: soil health

Can organic fertilizers rebuild Zimbabwe’s fragile soils?

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Blogs.

(Tracy Chokurongerwa and Atlas representative in her trial plot (Photo: CIMMYT)

“Our soils are exhausted. Even the best hybrid seed won’t yield much without nutrients. Organic fertilizers give us hope, but are they affordable and available? We need to understand our soils and make informed choices. This is an agrarian district; water isn’t scarce, but good soil is,” lamented Mrs. Munyoro, a district local authority official in Murehwa.

These words reflect a difficult reality confronting many smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe’s dryland farming regions: the urgent need to restore soil health in an increasingly fragile climate. With nearly 70% of the soils in districts like Murehwa and Mutoko classified as sandy, low in organic carbon, and prone to nutrient leaching, the potential for long-term productivity is steadily declining. Compounding this challenge is a decline in livestock populations due to disease, which reduces access to cattle manure, once a dependable source of organic nutrients.

To respond to these issues, the Resilience Building through Agroecological Intensification in Zimbabwe (RAIZ) project, led by the research consortium CIMMYT, is conducting field trials targeting soil fertility enhancement strategies that align scientific rigor with local practicality. These trials explore how conservation agriculture (CA) techniques and various organic fertility inputs—ranging from traditional manure to market-supplied products like Bokashi, Atlas orgfert (organic D), Orgfert, and Vermicompost—can sustainably improve soil fertility, structure, microbial health, and ultimately yield outcomes.

But why do these trials matter? The market is increasingly saturated with organic fertilisers, which offer both opportunities and dilemmas for smallholder farmers. From ZimEarthworms’ vermicompost, Bokashi, Orgfert, and Atlas orgfert (organic D) gaining visibility, questions remain around their affordability, accessibility, and context-specific performance. Farmers continue to rely on cattle manure where available, but rising livestock mortality, including from theileriosis (commonly referred to as January disease), is limiting this resource.

The RAIZ trials go beyond measuring yield data—they also evaluate farmer appreciation, labor requirements, and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, local authorities emphasize the importance of understanding how different organic inputs influence nutrient cycling, soil microbial activity, and overall soil fertility dynamics over time.

With several companies producing organic inputs, and cattle manure being a traditional staple, the big questions remain: What works best? What can farmers afford? And how can the findings shape broader adoption? This integrated approach is critical for guiding broader adoption of sustainable practices in Zimbabwe’s farming systems, where poor granite-derived sandy soils of low organic matter and low pH constitute up to 60% of the country’s arable land.

Insights from the Field

The farmer-led trial by Tracy Chokurongerwa in Murehwa offered compelling insights into the comparative value of organic inputs under both conventional and CA management, including intercropping setups such as maize–cowpea combinations. Treatments across plots were standardized to include five organic amendments: Vermicompost, Orgfert, Atlas orgfert (organic D), Bokashi, and cattle manure.

An aerial view of the experimental plot on organic soil amendments in Murehwa Ward 28 (Photo: CIMMYT)

Bokashi showed notable improved performance compared to the previous season, while Atlas orgfert (organic D) emerged as the preferred input by farmers based on visual crop vigor and yield observations. ZimEarthworms’ vermicompost performed particularly well when combined with Compound D fertilizer, suggesting synergistic effects between organic and synthetic inputs. However, challenges with land topography and water retention reinforced the need for supporting practices such as contour ridges, stormwater diversion channels, and timely land preparation.

In another trial, one farmer tested intercropping with pigeon pea and echoed the preference for Atlas orgfert (organic D). A separate rate trial examined the impact of increasing organic input volumes, revealing a positive yield response under CA systems, although erosion risks on sloped terrain were a concern—emphasizing once again the importance of land and water management.

In Mutoko, trials faced additional variables. Termite infestation was notable in one plot, aggravated by water runoff and poor mulch management. However, plots that utilized decomposed leaf litter mulch showed better moisture retention and stronger crop establishment under conservation agriculture practices. At some sites, the differences between CA and conventional till plots were striking to all visitors, clearly demonstrating the regenerative capacity of CA-based systems.

These examples illustrate how site-specific conditions—such as slope, soil type, and mulch availability—heavily influence the outcomes of soil fertility interventions. Importantly, researchers noted that marginal land allocation for trials (often the only land farmers can offer) can limit replicability and yield potential, highlighting the tension between field research conditions and real-world farming constraints.

Highlights of the 2023/24 Season

The 2023/24 season was a year of experimentation and learning for the RAIZ project, as farmers diligently undertook the targeted trials with recommended organic fertilizer rates and conservation agriculture (CA) methods. A total of 51 farmers participated in farmer-led experiments, with 30 testing standard or recommended rates of organic amendments under CA techniques, and 21 evaluating different organic fertilizer rates. Six decentralized learning centers hosted demonstrations on maize variety performance, CA principles, sorghum, and manure use, providing a platform for peer learning and knowledge exchange.

Despite erratic rainfall ranging from 250 to 500 mm, the trials delivered critical insights into what works and where. Results showed limited maize harvests, while the trials emphasized understanding which soil amendments are most effective across different areas. This approach helps farmers avoid costly fertilizer investments by identifying locally affordable and sustainable soil enhancement options. The need for early land preparation and strategic planning at the start of the season was a key takeaway, particularly in the face of climate unpredictability and ongoing soil degradation.

Reflections from the Ground

One of the strongest messages from both farmers and stakeholders was a call for continuity. Participants appreciated the way research was embedded within farmer realities and stressed the importance of scaling the initiative. Farmer engagement from the outset, coupled with co-implementation of trials, has fostered a sense of ownership and trust.

A particularly telling observation was the presence of witchweed in conventional maize plots, reinforcing the importance of integrated soil fertility management and diversified cropping systems. Such findings not only validate CA and organic input combinations but also contribute to a growing body of evidence on how to manage parasitic weeds through ecological approaches.

With community trust, scientific insight, and early success stories in hand, the pathway to broader adoption of organic-based soil restoration strategies is becoming clearer. However, sustained support, adaptive extension services, and inclusive learning platforms will be critical to maintain momentum. For districts like Murehwa and Mutoko, soil health is the limiting factor—but with the right inputs, the right knowledge, and continued collaboration, smallholder farmers can rebuild the fertility foundation of their lands, and with it, secure the future of rural livelihoods.

Kamaluddin Tijjani Aliyu

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Uncategorized.

Kamaluddin Tijjani is a cropping systems agronomist conducting research across a diverse range of tropical crops. His research interests include cropping systems, soil health and fertility management, plant nutrition, and digital extension advisories. He joined CIMMYT in 2023 to support various aspects of cropping systems and soil health research in the Southern Africa region.

Prior to joining CIMMYT, Kamaluddin worked at the Center for Dryland Agriculture in Nigeria and later at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, also in Nigeria. He holds a Bachelor of Science in General Agriculture, a Master of Science in Agronomy, and a Doctorate in Agronomy (specializing in crops and cropping systems in drylands), all from Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

Positioning Soil Health on the Agenda: Bridging Science, Policy and Advocacy

Written by dmedina on . Posted in In the media.

In the May 2025 webinar co-hosted by CA4SH and the Vision for Adapted Crops and Soils (VACS), CIMMYT played a leading role through its co-leadership of VACS, promoting resilient food systems grounded in healthy soils and climate-adapted crops. Represented by Daniela Vega (CGIAR/CIMMYT), the Center highlighted VACS’ rapid growth and its efforts to bridge science, policy, and practice—supporting integrated soil health solutions, evidence-based decision-making, and advancing global commitments like the Soil Health Resolution.

Read the full story.

Bridging borders: A South-South exchange between Ethiopia and Nepal to tackle soil health challenges

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Blogs.

CIMMYT and Nepalese delegation and Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center research team in the field (Photo: CIMMYT)

Soil health is fundamental to agricultural productivity, food security, and climate resilience. In Ethiopia and Nepal, deteriorating soil conditions—driven by acidity, nutrient depletion, and land degradation—pose a significant challenge to farmers and policymakers alike. Addressing these issues is not just a technical necessity but a pathway to ensuring long-term agricultural sustainability and economic stability.

Recognizing these shared challenges, CIMMYT facilitated a South-South exchange between Ethiopia and Nepal to foster collaboration, exchange knowledge, and explore innovative solutions for improving soil health.

Shared challenges, shared solutions

Both Ethiopia and Nepal face persistent soil health challenges that hinder agricultural productivity. In Ethiopia, soil degradation—stemming from issues like soil acidity, salinity, and nutrient depletion—has become a barrier to achieving higher agricultural productivity. Similarly, Nepal is navigating soil health concerns amidst small landholdings, urban migration, and climate impacts.

For both nations, sustainable soil management is critical to strengthening their agricultural sectors. This exchange provided an opportunity for researchers, policymakers, and agricultural experts to learn from each other’s experiences, leveraging successful approaches to improve soil quality and boost productivity.

CIMMYT and Nepalese delegation listening to explanations by Experts and technicians about the various activities taking place at the soil and plan analysis laboratory
(Photo: CIMMYT)

A unique exchange of knowledge

From November 25–28, a Nepalese delegation—including CIMMYT scientists and representatives from Nepal’s Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD) and the Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC)—visited Ethiopia to gain insights into its soil health initiatives.

Ethiopia has made significant progress in soil management through collaborations between government agencies, research institutions, and international partners. With CIMMYT’s support, the country has developed a National Soil Information System (NSIS), a comprehensive data-driven approach that guides interventions to improve soil health, increase productivity, and enhance food security.

During the visit, the Nepalese delegation met with leading Ethiopian institutions, including:

  • The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)
  • The Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR)
  • The Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI)
  • The Holeta Agricultural Research Center
  • The National Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center

Through site visits and discussions, the delegation explored Ethiopia’s Vertisol management strategies, sub-soil acidity solutions, and data-driven soil health policies—areas that could be adapted to Nepal’s agricultural landscape.

A shared commitment to agricultural innovation

Beyond knowledge exchange, the visit served as a catalyst for long-term collaboration between the two countries. CIMMYT has been working in Ethiopia for over three decades, supporting research and technology development to enhance soil health and food security. In Nepal, CIMMYT scientists collaborate with national partners to strengthen agricultural commercialization and climate resilience.

During their visit, Nepalese delegates expressed particular interest in Ethiopia’s Geo-Nutrition approach, which connects soil quality to human health by analyzing how soil nutrients influence the nutritional value of crops. Nepal sees great potential in adopting this model to enhance both agricultural and public health outcomes.

Shanta Karki, Joint Secretary at Nepal’s Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (Photo: CIMMYT)

Shanta Karki, Joint Secretary at Nepal’s Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, reflected on the visit: “The insights we gained in Ethiopia will be instrumental in improving our soil health strategies.

We see great potential for collaboration between Ethiopia and Nepal in tackling common challenges like soil acidity and water management.” She added that another key area of learning was Geo-Nutrition, an innovative field that connects soil health to human health.

The concept, which Ethiopia has been actively exploring, looks at how soil quality influences the nutritional value of crops and ultimately the health of the populations that depend on them. The Nepalese delegation saw this as an opportunity to further develop their own approach to improving soil and human health simultaneously.

Looking Ahead: Building stronger partnerships

Shanta Karki, Joint Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoA), presents a token of appreciation to Dr. Samuel Gameda, Senior Soil Scientist at CIMMYT-Ethiopia, in recognition of his efforts to strengthen partnerships between Nepal and Ethiopia in the framework of improving soil health (Photo: Desalegne Tadesse/CIMMYT)

As CIMMYT continues to facilitate South-South exchanges, the goal is to adapt successful models from Ethiopia to Nepal while drawing lessons from Nepal’s unique agricultural landscape. The delegation left Ethiopia with renewed motivation to enhance soil health, not just for the benefit of farmers but for broader food security and economic resilience.

Narayan Prasad Khanal, Business Development Manager at CIMMYT Nepal, emphasized the importance of such exchanges. “The lessons learned here, particularly on sub-soil acidity management and Geo-Nutrition, will be crucial for enhancing our regulatory systems and addressing challenges in Nepal’s agriculture. This experience has shown us how important it is to adapt successful models from other countries and incorporate them into our own agricultural practices.

Dr. Shree Prasad Vista, Senior Scientist at the Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), shares his reflections and lessons learned during the experience-sharing visit (Photo: Desalegne Tadesse/CIMMYT)

Shree Prasad Vista, Senior Scientist at the Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), was particularly fascinated by Ethiopia’s innovative work on Vertisol management and soil acidity. He remarked, “The insights we gained from CIMMYT, particularly on Geo-Nutrition and soil acidity, will help enhance our agricultural practices and regulatory systems in Nepal.”

A Path toward collaborative solutions

As Ethiopia and Nepal continue to navigate similar agricultural challenges, the knowledge gained from this exchange will play a crucial role in shaping future soil health strategies. By learning from each other’s successes, both countries are positioning themselves to implement sustainable, climate-resilient soil management practices tailored to their unique context.

This exchange stands as a powerful example of how international collaboration fosters innovation, resilience, and food security. Through shared expertise and collective action, Ethiopia and Nepal are laying the foundation for stronger agricultural systems that will benefit future generations.

The land that gives life: Tomasa and FabiĂĄn’s plot

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Blogs.

Somewhere in the enchanted valley of Santa Catarina Lachatao, Oaxaca, under the vast blue sky and in the heart of a land full of history and hope, FabiĂĄn Marcos Cano and Tomasa GarcĂ­a PĂ©rez are working toward the future they have long envisioned, their hands deep in the soil. In this land, where the Zapotec language gives its name to the territory, each seed sown by their hands is an act of trust.

FabiĂĄn, his gaze marked by years of experience, speaks of his land with the pride of someone who has learned to listen to the voice of the earth. “We used to plant the way God guided us,” he says, recalling the days when farming was a practice of intuition and inherited wisdom.

Today, with the support of SEFADER technicians like Reinalda GĂłmez and her team, they have transformed their approach to farming. FabiĂĄn and Tomasa have learned to respect the rhythms of the soil, to give back what they take, and to see each plant through a new lens. “It’s like food for food,” FabiĂĄn explains.

Corn and beans grow unhurriedly in their fields. The land is enriched with crop residues that were once fed only to livestock, along with compost that was once discarded. “It’s a lot of work, but it’s our life,” says FabiĂĄn, with the firm determination of someone who understands that effort is part of the cycle.

For Tomasa, each harvest is a link to her ancestors. “The land gives us life,” she says with unwavering certainty. In her fields, milpa thrives alongside squash, beans, amaranth, and purslane, in a balance that requires patience and respect. She has learned to let nature do its work, to understand that burning fields robs the soil of its ability to renew itself. “We pile up the weeds, let them decompose, and that’s how the land nourishes itself,” she explains.

The journey has not been easy. Last year, a violent storm destroyed much of their crop. “It grew beautifully, but the wind tore everything down,” FabiĂĄn recalls with resignation. But they are not giving up. “We make do with what God gives us, because it is more than enough for us.” What remains is harvested as seed for the next cycle.

Every application of bio-inputs, every crop diversification, every lesson shared by agricultural engineers has changed their way of farming and their understanding of life. The land, once seen as an adversary that imposed its own rules, is now an ally that responds generously to care.

The story of FabiĂĄn and Tomasa is a testament to resilience and learning. It is proof that agriculture can be different, that tradition and innovation can go hand in hand. Because in every bean they harvest, in every ear of corn they save for the next cycle, there is a valuable lesson: the land gives back what it receives. And in Santa Catarina, under the sun that shines on FabiĂĄn and Tomasa’s fields, life flourishes with strength.

The 29th Conference of the Parties (COP29): Navigating Food Systems and Climate Challenges

Written by dmedina on . Posted in News.

From 11 -22 November 2024, global leaders convened in Baku, Azerbaijan for COP29. Dubbed the finance COP, critical intersections of climate change, food systems, and sustainable development took center stage. This year’s conference reflected both the progress and the persistent challenges in addressing the climate crisis, marking a critical moment in the climate negotiations. 

Food Systems at the Forefront 

COP29 highlighted the undeniable importance of transforming global food systems as a cornerstone of effective climate action. Initiatives like the Harmoniya platform and the Declaration on Methane from Organic Waste shows the global community’s recognition of agriculture as both a contributor to and a solution for greenhouse gas emissions. However, the broader discussions were a reminder of the gap between ambition and implementation, with financial commitments and concrete action plans often falling short. 

While food systems gained visibility, the debates often revealed tensions, particularly on issues like global stocktake outcomes, financing, and the integration of mitigation and adaptation strategies. Despite these challenges, the coordination and cohesion within the food systems community were commendable, reflecting a collective resolve to carry the momentum forward. 

COP 29 – Baku, Azerbaijan

Key Outcomes and Agreements 

  1. Climate Finance and the NCQG

A central focus of COP29 was the New Collective Quantified Goal on climate finance (NCQG). While the actual need for climate finance is estimated at $1.3 trillion annually, the outcomes of COP29 fell short, with only $300 billion explicitly committed to developing countries. The inclusion of voluntary contributions from non-traditional donors like China and the UAE added nuance but failed to resolve the broader financial gaps. 

  1. Mitigation Work Programme

Discussions on the Mitigation Work Programme highlighted fundamental disagreements over whether the program should prioritize specific actions linked to the global stocktake. While some nations sought prescriptive approaches, others emphasized the voluntary nature of nationally determined contributions (NDCs). These debates highlight the complexities of aligning global and national climate priorities. 

  1. Adaptation and Resilience

The global goal on adaptation progressed with the launch of the Baku Adaptation Roadmap, though challenges remain in refining and agreeing upon adaptation-related indicators. Meanwhile, the Sharm El Sheikh Joint Work on Agriculture and Food Security moved forward with plans for an online portal to share best practices and tools for climate action. 

  1. Collaborative Frameworks

The conference saw advancements in collaborative mechanisms such as the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism under Article 6, which aims to enhance transparency and accountability in carbon markets. Platforms like Harmoniya and the Global Nitrous Oxide Hub were also launched to streamline efforts in addressing specific climate challenges. 

CIMMYT at COP29

Amid these broader discussions, CIMMYT came out to strongly champion for the alignment of scientific innovation with the practical challenges of transforming food systems. Sieglinde Snapp and Tek Sapkota represented CIMMYT at high-level side events, highlighting the critical need to leverage research to tackle climate challenges. Their contributions focused on developing actionable pathways to bridge the persistent gap between ambitious goals and effective implementation. 

Participation in high-level panel discussions

Date: November 12, 2024 
Event: High-Level Panel on Sustainable Agriculture 

Tek Sapkota shared CIMMYT’s efforts in advancing food systems, climate resilience, and environmental sustainability, aligning with the UAE COP28 Declaration on sustainable agriculture. The event featured remarks from distinguished leaders, including H.E. President Taye Atske Selassie of Ethiopia, H.E. Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen of Denmark, and H.E. Amna Al Dahak of the United Arab Emirates among other world leaders.  

Date: November 18, 2024 

Event: Making Agriculture Smart by Going Wild

Sieglinde Snapp was part of panel discussions chaired by the United Kingdom Nature minister to discuss leveraging wild crop relatives and underutilized species to enhance agricultural resilience against climate risks. She highlighted CIMMYT’s efforts towards biodiversity in achieving food security. 

(Photo: Maria Monayo/CIMMYT)
(Photo: Maria Monayo/CIMMYT)
(Photo: Maria Monayo/CIMMYT)
(Photo: Maria Monayo/CIMMYT)

Other events include: 

  • Scaling Innovations for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
    Date: November 12, 2024
    Presented CIMMYT’s research on precision agriculture, showcasing strategies for leveraging site-specific nutrient management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while increasing food production and supporting food security. (Link recording) 
  • Pre-COP30 Discussions on Fertilizer Innovations
    Date: November 14, 2024
    Highlighted innovative technologies in fertilizer production and management as part of technological breakthrough to reduce GHG emissions from agricultural sectors.  (Link recording) 
  • Partnerships for Soil Health and Agricultural Resilience
    Date: November 15, 2024
    Explored the role of public-private partnerships in advancing soil health and resilience. The discussion highlighted innovative soil management technologies that conserve nitrogen, preserve soil organic carbon, and promote climate-smart agriculture.  
  • Enhancing Soil Health for Climate Action
    Date: November 16, 2024
    Addressed practical strategies for improving soil health to mitigate climate change and enhance agricultural sustainability. (Link recording) 
  • CGIAR Panel Discussion on Innovation in Soil Fertility Management
    Date: November 18, 2024
    Shared insights on advancing soil fertility management through cutting-edge innovations that balance productivity and sustainability. (Link recording) 
  • Global Nitrous Oxide Hub Launch
    Date: November 19, 2024
    Discussed the importance of reducing nitrous oxide emissions in agriculture, aligning with global efforts to mitigate climate change.  
  • VACS Networking Events
    Date: November 19, 2024
    Discussions highlighting public-private-civil society partnerships for sustaining agricultural resilience and advancing the VACS agenda.  
  • Launch of the 2024 Breakthrough Agenda Report
    Date: November 20, 2024
    (Link recording) 

 

Non-Negotiated Outcomes

Beyond formal agreements, COP29 featured significant declarations and initiatives that highlight emerging priorities: 

The Road Ahead: From Baku to Belém

As the world prepares for COP30 in Belém, Brazil, the outcomes of COP29 provide both lessons and opportunities. CIMMYT, aligned with the CGIAR 2030 Research and Innovation Strategy, is uniquely positioned to drive transformative action in food systems. 

Key priorities for COP 30 include: 

  • Strengthening Finance Mechanisms: Addressing the financial gaps in adaptation and mitigation efforts, particularly for low-income nations. 
  • Scaling Collaborative Initiatives: Building on platforms like Harmoniya to foster cross-sectoral and international collaboration. 
  • Embedding Food Systems in Climate Policy: Ensuring that agriculture and food systems are integral to NDCs and national adaptation plans. 
  • Advancing Science for Action: Driving actionable research to close gaps in implementation, particularly in nutrient management and biodiversity conservation. 

Sustaining Health and Soil: Sundhani Tharu’s 4Rs Approach to Farming

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Features.

Sundhani Tharu, a 44-year-old farmer from Pattharbojhi, Madhuwan-1 in the Bardiya district, in the mid-west of Kathmandu, is a leading example of how sustainable agricultural practices not only enhance crop production but also contribute to human and environmental health. Her dedication to a balanced approach to farming, which includes crop-livestock integration and the principles of the 4Rs of nutrient stewardship, has had a significant impact on her farm and the wider community.

Sundhani lives in a joint family of 58 members, with farming as the primary source of income. On their 8.13 hectares of land, they grow staple crops like rice, maize, mustard, and lentils, while also raising 26 cows, 17 buffaloes, and 45 sheep. Through this integration of crop production and livestock, Sundhani has built a closed-loop farming system where farmyard manure (FYM) from the livestock nourishes the crops, and crop residues feed the animals, ensuring minimal waste and promoting a natural balance between animals, crops, and soil health.

Sundhani with her family (Photo: Sirish Shrestha)

Central to her success is her application of the 4Rs of nutrient stewardship, which involves applying the right source of nutrients at the right rate, at the right time, and in the right place. This approach ensures that her crops receive the essential nutrients they need while minimizing environmental impact. With support from the USAID-supported Nepal Seed and Fertilizer (NSAF) Project, implemented by CIMMYT, Sundhani has been trained in nutrient management techniques, including the 4R principles. These practices have helped her optimize fertilizer use and significantly improve her crop yields, doubling her maize production from 30 to 60 quintals per hectare.

Sundhani also prioritizes the use of farmyard manure, which plays a vital role in her farming system. The manure from her livestock is carefully composted and used as a natural fertilizer, enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients. This reduces her reliance on synthetic fertilizers, which can harm the environment and deplete soil health over time. By using farmyard manure, Sundhani is not only improving soil fertility but also promoting a healthier ecosystem for future generations.

Similarly, the importance of a healthy diet is another key focus of Sundhani’s farming journey. Her farm provides her family with a diverse range of crops, including rice, maize, mustard, and vegetables like cauliflower, tomatoes, and potatoes. These crops contribute to a balanced, nutrient-rich diet for her large family, ensuring that they receive essential nutrients from fresh, organic produce. Sundhani’s vegetable farming is further enhanced through climate-smart practices like intercropping and mulching, which protect the soil, conserve water, and increase the variety of crops she can grow.

In addition to her focus on nutrient management and healthy diets, Sundhani has embraced Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM), a holistic approach to soil health. ISFM combines organic and inorganic fertilizers, along with improved crop varieties and efficient nutrient management techniques, to enhance soil fertility and ensure long-term agricultural productivity. Through ISFM, Sundhani has achieved sustainable growth in her farming operations while safeguarding the environment for future generations.

Sundhani Tharu (Photo: Sirish Shrestha)

Though Sundhani can hardly read or write, she is contributing to the “One Health” movement—a global initiative that connects the health of people, animals, and the environment through best management practices in agriculture. By integrating crops and livestock, using farmyard manure, and applying the 4Rs of nutrient stewardship, she promotes a sustainable, eco-friendly system that enhances food security, improves soil health, and protects natural resources.

Looking ahead, Sundhani is determined to expand her farming ventures. She plans to venture into seed production for rice and mustard and hopes to increase her earnings from NPR 5 lakh (USD 3,740) to NPR 8 lakh (USD 5,987). By continuing to inspire her community and advocate for local vegetable markets, Sundhani envisions a future where farming is not only a source of livelihood but a cornerstone for a healthy, thriving ecosystem.

Sundhani Tharu’s story highlights the power of nutrient stewardship and sustainable farming to create healthier soils, crops, and communities. Through her dedication to the 4Rs, ISFM, and promoting farmyard manure use, she is paving the way for a future where agriculture is in harmony with nature—benefiting both people and the planet.

Sundhani’s father-in-law (Photo: Sirish Shrestha)

Strengthen the soil, strengthen the future of agri-food systems: The Economics of Healthy Soils for Sustainable Food Systems

Written by mcallejas on . Posted in Blogs.

Soil health is not just a medium for healthy crop production; it’s also a vital pillar to support sustainable food production and ultimately a nation’s economy. In India, where over 45% of the population works in agriculture, soil health underpins household and national food security, rural incomes and the economy at large. Despite this dependence, the ratio of agricultural production to the national income, i.e. GDP has fallen from 35% in 1990 to 15% in 2023, a decline driven by low productivity, shrinking farm incomes, and environmental degradation (Government of India, 2023).

A tractor operates in an agricultural field in India (Photo: CIMMYT).

India faces an annual economic loss of  â‚č2.54 trillion annually—about 2% of its GDP—due to land degradation and unsustainable land-use practices (TERI, 2018). For smallholder farmers, soil degradation is a silent economic burden that reduces yields and increases input costs. In Bihar, studies by the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) show that droughts have a lasting impact on soil quality and agricultural productivity, with increasing frequency and severity exacerbating vulnerabilities in states like of Bihar and its neighboring states (Nageswararao et al., 2016; Singh et al., 2022).

The frequency of these drought conditions pushes farmers into a vicious cycle of low productivity, high costs for irrigation, and a growing dependence on non-farm income sources exacerbating the state’s vulnerability to drought (Kishore et al., 2014).

“CIMMYT India scientists greatly value the opportunity to collaborate with colleagues from ICAR and other NARES partners in supporting farmers to enhance soil health and achieve sustainable productivity”, said Alison Laing, CSISA project lead in India. “We are proud of the contribution we make alongside the Indian national systems to improving farmers’ livelihoods”, she added

Investing in solutions for soil resilience

Addressing soil degradation and climate challenges requires investment in climate-resilient agricultural technologies, and robust agronomic research. Evidence-based policies are critical to sustain agriculture, improve farmer well-being and ensure food and economic security.

A promising innovation is the Soil Intelligence System (SIS), launched in 2019 under CSISA. Initially operational in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Odisha, SIS generates high-quality soil data and digital maps to provide farmers with precise agronomic recommendations. These recommendations help reduce fertilizer and water overuse, improving efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By empowering smallholder farmers with data-driven decision-making, SIS exemplifies how technology can enhance productivity and sustainability.

SIS’s success extends beyond the farm. Data-driven insights have influenced policies like the Andhra Pradesh State Fertilizer and Micronutrient Policy, demonstrating the potential of soil health management to drive systemic agricultural reforms.

Working in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha, SIS uses soil spectroscopy and digital mapping to improve sustainable soil management, reduce costs and increase productivity for smallholder farmers. (Photo: CIMMYT)

The 3M Framework: measure, monitor and manage

This year’s World Soil Day theme, “Caring for Soils: Measure, Monitor, Manage,” highlights the importance of data driven soil management. By measuring key indicators like organic carbon levels and erosion rates, and monitoring changes overtime, policymakers can develop sustainable strategies for soil restoration.

Scaling initiatives like SIS is crucial. Robust soil monitoring programs can inform better alignment between subsidies and sustainable practices. Together with state and central governments, NGOs, and other research organizations, CIMMYT is actively collaborating with farmers to measure, monitor and manage soil health for long-term sustainability and resilience.

 

References:

  1. Government of India (2023). Contribution of agriculture in GDP. Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. Accessed online.
  2. TERI (2018). Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought in India, Vol I. The Energy and Resources Institute. Accessed online.
  3. Nageswararao, M.M., Dhekale, B.S., & Mohanty, U.C. (2016). Impact of climate variability on various Rabi crops over Northwest India. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 131(503–521). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1991-7.
  4. Singh, A. & Akhtar, Md. P. (2022). Drought-like situation in Bihar: Study and thought of sustainable strategy. IWRA (India) Journal, 11(1). Accessed online.
  5. Kishore, A., Joshi, P.K., & Pandey, D. (2014). Droughts, Distress, and Policies for Drought Proofing Agriculture in Bihar, India. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01398. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2545463.

Improving Ethiopia’s Agricultural Systems Through Collaborative Research

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Blogs.

The collaborative long-term experiments (LTEs) established by CIMMYT and Ambo University on the Guder Mano Mezemer campus, specifically at the Abebech Gobena Agricultural Research Center (Photo: CIMMYT)

A collaboration effort between CIMMYT and Ambo University has positioned CIMMYT as the national leader in implementing high-impact technologies to improve the quality and quantity of cereal crop production in Ethiopia. This partnership, established over three decades ago at national and regional levels, has become a vital element in driving innovations and advancements in the agricultural sector.

A recent field visit to the LTEs, which were established three years ago, at the Abebech Gobena Agricultural Research Center in Guder, West Shewa Zone of the Oromia Region, demonstrated the importance of collaboration between research and development partners. The LTEs were established to study three main climate-smart interventions: nutrient management (including organic, inorganic, and residue-based practices), crop rotation, and intercropping, over an extended period of time. The event highlighted CIMMYT’s ongoing efforts to improve Ethiopia’s agricultural production, particularly by testing agronomic practices that increase yields and enhance soil health through the use of different organic fertilizers along with inorganic fertilizer and proper cereal-legume rotation over the past two years at the center and in farmers’ fields.

Focus areas of research

Research will focus on developing the best combination of locally available organic inputs with inorganic fertilizer, together with appropriate cereal-legume rotation on LTE plots, to monitor yield and soil health parameters such as organic matter accumulation over time, improve resource use efficiency, and enhance soil health. The main crops involved are:

  • Maize (Zea Mays): Jibat variety 
  • Wheat (Triticum aestivum): Wane variety 
  • Teff (Eragrostis teff): Quncho variety 
  • Legumes: Faba bean, soybean, haricot bean, and pigeon pea 

The LTE sites have served as demonstration and learning platforms for local communities. The cropping system in the area has traditionally been dominated by continuous monocropping of cereals for decades. In response, this collaborative LTE initiative has introduced four legume crops into rotation and intercropping systems, three of which are new to the area. Some of these new crops have been well received by farmers, who have selected the most promising options to try on their fields as “baby trials,” with the LTE plots referred to as “mother trials.” These efforts have been accompanied by training and resources for farmers and extension workers.

Community engagement and outcomes

The initiative has involved 55 farmers from three villages, with a focus on optimizing crop yields and promoting sustainable agriculture. Dr. Tesfaye Sida, an Agronomist/Sustainable Agrifood Systems at CIMMYT, highlighted the importance of these trials in improving food security and soil health in the intervention areas. He added, “This streamlined client-based collaboration, based on capacity development and knowledge transfer, is helping us to drive the pathways for climate-resilient, sustainable, and inclusive agricultural development for food and nutrition security in Ethiopia.”

A diverse group of stakeholders visiting the collaborative research trial sites (Photo: CIMMYT)

On September 23, 2024, a significant stakeholder gathering, including academic professionals, research and development partners, and farmers, as well as local government decision-makers, visited the trial sites to observe the research activities and progress at the Guder Mano Mezemer campus in Birbirsa village, where CIMMYT and Ambo University are conducting collaborative research. During the event, Dr. Gizachew Kebede, a soil scientist at CIMMYT, highlighted the dual focus of the research: crop rotation and soil nutrient management. “Despite farmers’ familiarity with crop rotation, they often face challenges in identifying the best companion crops and appropriate sequences. We are addressing this by rotating cereals such as maize, wheat, and teff with legumes such as soybean and pigeon pea, some of which are new to the system and likely to improve soil fertility and system resilience. The other fascinating part of the research is the testing of both organic and non-organic fertilizers, an intelligent approach to determining best practices for soil health and productivity, with a particular focus on understanding long-term effects, with plans extending for at least a decade. This kind of knowledge transfer is crucial to improving agricultural productivity and sustainability in the community, and we have seen great results from the trials so far.”

Dr. Tesfaye Shiferaw, an agronomist/Sustainable Agrifood Systems emphasizes the model. “Initially these were long-term experiments (LTEs), which mainly established the long-term impacts of interventions (nutrient management, crop rotation, intercropping, etc.) on climate change effects, productivity, and soil health. However, during the demonstrations of these LTEs, local farmers expressed interest in trying the agricultural technology/intervention/practice of their choice. We then added potential other technologies that could be options and allowed them to conduct their own mini-trials (called baby trials) to increase the number of alternatives. In this context, the LTEs can now be referred to as “mother trials.”

Research collaborators also echoed this sentiment. Dr. Nigusie Bekele, Director of Guder Mezemer Campus, highlighted Ambo University’s pride in hosting trials and major events related to their research collaboration with CIMMYT. He emphasized the university’s commitment to multidisciplinary research and service to the community, noting that their partnership with CIMMYT is instrumental in this regard, particularly in promoting productive, inclusive, and resilient food systems in Ethiopia. Dr. Nigusie described their joint action research and innovation efforts as transformative, benefiting not only the local community but also the wider Ethiopian population dependent on smallholder agriculture.

New launch of common beans and farmer insights
Farmer Shelema Hirpasa proudly displays a thriving crop of haricot beans grown after receiving seeds from CIMMYT. This image highlights the positive impact of research and support in increasing agricultural productivity and empowering local farmers (Photo: CIMMYT)

The photo features young farmer Shelema Hirpasa proudly displaying a thriving crop of haricot beans grown after receiving seeds from CIMMYT. This image highlights the positive impact of research and support in increasing agricultural productivity and empowering local farmers.

The introduction of soybean and pigeon pea in the intervention villages has generated considerable interest among farmers, leading to increased participation and positive results. Farmer Shelema Hirpasa from Tuke Kutaye District was enthusiastic about the exceptional performance of these new crops, noting a stark contrast with the traditional varieties he had previously grown. Highlighting the advantages of crop diversification, he said: “I have been involved in farming since my childhood but have never seen such performance in my crops.” This reflects the transformative impact of these new agricultural practices on local farming communities.

CIMMYT researcher gives visitors a detailed briefing on the ongoing activities at the demonstration sites (Photo: CIMMYT)

This interaction highlights the importance of knowledge sharing and engagement in agricultural research, as stakeholders learn about innovative practices and advances being implemented in the field. The gathering also reflects the commitment of the various partners in the initiative, showcasing their shared interest in advancing agricultural research and promoting food security through collaboration between CIMMYT and Ambo University.

Media coverage and future directions

The collaboration and field visits have drawn media attention, with coverage from outlets such as the Oromia Broadcasting Network (OBN). This initiative, implemented by CIMMYT and Ambo University with support from One CGIAR’s Excellence in Agronomy (EIA) and Ukama Ustawi initiatives, is paving the way for sustainable and resilient agricultural practices in Ethiopia.

Through continued partnership and innovation, CIMMYT and Ambo University are not only transforming agricultural practices in the region but also contributing to the broader goal of food and nutrition security throughout Ethiopia.

A blueprint for soil health initiatives

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Blogs.

Ethiopia’s agricultural and food production systems face significant challenges due to soil acidity. Approximately 41% of the country’s cultivated land is affected, with 28% of this area being highly acidic. Heavy rainfall and inherent soil properties are significant drivers of this, and practices like continuous residue removal greatly accelerate these conditions.  

Stakeholders attending the national workshop on acid soil management in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Photo: CIMMYT)

The resulting acidic soil conditions can severely limit the uptake of critical nutrients, leading to lower yields and poorer crop responses to inputs. As a result, Ethiopia’s soil acidity conditions constrain the production and productivity of the country’s main staple crops and compromise efforts to achieve national food security. To help address these problems, policymakers, technical experts, and development partners in Ethiopia have come together to advocate for innovative data-driven solutions to remediate acid soils to raise crop yields and promote sustainable economic growth.  

“At a national workshop convened by CIMMYT and the One CGIAR initiative on Excellence in Agronomy on 29 July 2024 in Addis Ababa, experts from CGIAR, the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), universities, regional research institutes, the national soil health task force, NGOs, and other key stakeholders gathered to discuss acid soil management in Ethiopia. Participants emphasized that proper management of soil acidity could increase fertilizer use efficiency from 20% to as much as 90%, depending on the initial acidity levels and specific nutrients involved.

Tackling soil acidity 

“Acidic soils are complex and widespread, affecting millions of hectares of arable land in Ethiopia,” said Tesfaye Shiferaw, an agronomist with CIMMYT’s Sustainable Agrifood Systems program and regional lead for the One CGIAR initiative on Excellence in Agronomy. “We understand the situation well and have developed innovative solutions under the GAIA project to address the issue. The spatial targeting framework created within the project represents a significant breakthrough, which the MoA has incorporated into Ethiopia’s nationwide acid soil reclamation initiative.”

Feto Esimo, Director General of EIAR, highlighted, “Addressing soil acidity is critical for enhancing food security and economic development in Ethiopia. A few years ago, we appealed to partners to intensify their efforts in creating sustainable strategies with lasting impacts for future generations. We are now seeing the GAIA project’s ongoing efforts effectively addressing these issues and offering potential solutions.”

The GAIA project approach 
Project research team monitoring and evaluating the field activities in Jimma Zone-Ethiopia (Photo: CIMMYT)

Researchers on the GAIA project have been evaluating alternative approaches to managing soil acidity, with a particular focus on lime application. This method aims to reduce aluminum toxicity and improve the availability of essential nutrients such as phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) in the soil. Additionally, liming decreases the solubility and leaching of heavy metals and offers benefits for legumes, such as increased microbial activity and enhanced biological nitrogen fixation. The GAIA team’s detailed evaluation includes core activities like spatial targeting to identify priority areas for liming, determining optimal lime application rates, and assessing profitability for specific crop types.

The primary goal in Ethiopia is to guide targeted investments for effective soil health reclamation and increased agricultural productivity through liming and enhanced nutrient management. The project aims to establish a strategic spatial targeting framework, serving as both a policy tool and a blueprint for soil health management. This framework is designed to optimize lime application, ensuring it is prioritized in areas where it can deliver the highest return on investment for farmers and the government. Project outcomes also include expanding this framework for broader application.

Major project outcomes in Ethiopia 

The GAIA research team conducted an in-depth investigation into the interactions between lime and fertilizer, developed a workflow and an essential policy tool integrated into the Ethiopian National Soil Information System (NSIS), and presented evidence-based recommendations on acid soil remediation to national and regional policy forums. The following significant system-level accomplishments have resulted from CIMMYT and partners’ research-driven recommendations.

Firstly, the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) recognizes the GAIA project’s model as a successful blueprint for implementing and scaling up acid soil remediation nationwide. The government has launched a plan to reclaim 300,000 hectares of acidic cropland in 2024–2025, targeting around 10% of affected areas identified through the spatial targeting framework. To support this initiative, 1.4 billion ETB (approximately 12 million USD) has been allocated to manage acidic agricultural land. Additionally, at the National Stakeholder Consultation Forum on Acid Soils held in Bonga town, South-Western Region, in April 2023, the Ethiopian government prioritized soil acidity as a key focus. Since then, the government has reinforced its commitment to soil health programs, incorporating lime as an essential input alongside improved seeds and fertilizer.

These storylines were highlighted in July 2024 during a national working group meeting aimed at streamlining acid soil management strategies across Ethiopia. The meeting, led by GAIA and EiA in collaboration with the MoA and supported by the One CGIAR initiative EiA, underscored the strategic progress made by the GAIA project in addressing soil acidity. According to Feto Esimo, Director General of the EIAR, these advancements signify a substantial improvement, promising a lasting impact beyond the current agricultural season. He expressed appreciation for the project’s achievements and advocated for its expansion to serve as a model for similar soil health programs across the country.

“Lime is the most widely used remedy, and its effectiveness in increasing yields when combined with fertilizer is well-documented,” noted Temesgen Desalegn, Director of Natural Resources Management Research at EIAR. “In this context,” he continued, “the GAIA project is timely, offering a multifaceted approach to soil health management, not limited to acid soils. The project’s model has been widely welcomed and could provide a comprehensive strategy for other soil health initiatives in Ethiopia.”

National working group on acid soil management workshop participants in Addis Ababa (Photo: CIMMYT)

The national working group meeting reached a consensus on recognizing project outcomes that drive system-level impacts. This effort to build a strong consensus extends beyond Ethiopia; it reflects a broader continental trend, highlighted by the Africa Fertilizer and Soil Health Action Plan: 2024–2034. This plan emerged from the Africa Fertilizer and Soil Health Summit held in May 2024 in Nairobi, Kenya, under the theme ‘Listen to the Land,’ organized by the African Union.

The GAIA project, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), supports large-scale rehabilitation of acid soils in East Africa through data-driven insights and evidence-based recommendations for decision-makers. Led by CIMMYT in collaboration with various partners across Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania, the project works in partnership with the Excellence in Agronomy (EiA) initiative of the One CGIAR. In Ethiopia, GAIA is implemented in cooperation with the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR).

U.S. Pledges $5M for Guatemala Food Security Initiative

Written by dmedina on . Posted in In the media, News.

At the UN General Assembly, the U.S. Department of State announced $5 million in food security assistance to advance the Vision for Adapted Crops and Soils initiative in Guatemala. Co-led by CIMMYT and FAO, it aims to enhance sustainable agriculture through innovative practices that improve soil health and crop diversity. This initiative, part of the U.S. Feed the Future program, will strengthen resilience to climate change and support Guatemala’s agricultural sector, directly benefiting the 1.6 million people dependent on farming. CIMMYT’s leadership ensures scientific expertise in crop and soil management is central to addressing food insecurity and malnutrition in the region.

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How effective soil aggregate management can boost productivity and climate resilience

Written by dmedina on . Posted in News.

Soils are the bedrock for plant health and sustenance, but how do we protect and enhance them to maximize their nutritional potential? Years of conventional farming practices have left many soils depleted, raising urgent concerns about how to rejuvenate them. The recent El Niño event during the 2023/24 farming season in southern Africa, bringing extreme weather conditions—ranging from prolonged droughts to intense floods—has exposed the vulnerability of these soils. Poorly managed soils, already strained by years of excessive tillage and lack of cover, struggle to retain moisture under such stress, leading to crop failures even after rainfall.

However, conservation agriculture (CA) offers a vital solution. By improving soil structure and moisture retention, CA practices provide a lifeline for crops in challenging conditions. Recognizing this, CIMMYT scientists are actively promoting CA among smallholder farmers across sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting its critical role in sustaining soil health and resilience in the face of climate challenges.

Isaiah Nyagumbo demonstrating soil aggregate stability (CIMMYT)

Described as lumps of soil particles that bind together strongly, soil aggregates play a vital role in maintaining soil health, supporting plant growth, and sustaining agricultural productivity. Formed by the combined effects of biological, chemical, and physical processes, the structure and stability of soil aggregates are crucial for several soil functions—primarily water infiltration, root growth, and resistance to erosion. Soil aggregates consist of various soil particles, including sand, silt, clay, and organic matter. There are different types of soil aggregates, including macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) and microaggregates (<0.25 mm), with macroaggregates typically more stable and beneficial for soil structure and functions.

Demonstrating the value of soil aggregate stability
A CIMMYT researcher holding a soil aggregate from a CA field (CIMMYT)

Imagine three soil aggregate samples taken from the same field but under different management regimes—from virgin soil that has not been previously cropped, to land under conservation agriculture practices for the last 5 to 8 years, and soil conventionally ploughed annually before crop planting for many years. When these soil aggregates are gently immersed in clear water, stark differences can be noted. The aggregates from conventionally tilled soil, weakened by years of intensive cultivation, quickly disintegrate, turning the water murky and brown.

In contrast, the aggregates from virgin soil remain intact, preserving the water’s clarity even after several hours. The CA soil aggregates exhibit much better stability than those from the conventionally tilled soil but fail to remain as intact as those from the natural virgin soil. A simple lesson is drawn from this demonstration! Restoring degraded soils is a serious challenge. Even after 5 years of CA practices, soil organic carbon levels may only show modest improvement, and the aggregates, while more stable, still don’t match the condition of aggregates from virgin soil.

Soil recovery from a degraded state is a slow process that is not “a walk in the park.” Transitioning from conventional tillage to CA is challenging and slow, requiring years to rebuild organic matter and improve aggregate stability. Patience and careful soil management are vital, as degradation can occur rapidly, but recovery is a lengthy process. However, incorporating organic soil amendments like manure and compost, along with diversifying crops by introducing legumes such as cowpea, groundnut, soybean, mucuna, and pigeon pea, can accelerate this recovery. While degradation occurs rapidly, soil restoration demands a long-term commitment, but the rewards are worth the effort.

Exploring conservation agriculture as a source to improve soil health

Conservation agriculture is built on three key principles: reduced soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and diverse crop rotation. Minimizing soil disturbance helps preserve soil structure, while permanent soil cover shields the soil against splash erosion and boosts microbial activity. Crop rotation enhances soil fertility, maintains aggregate structure, and disrupts pest and disease cycles. These principles are essential for soil recovery and the retention of organic matter.

Among these, permanent soil cover is often the most challenging for farmers to implement, yet it is critical for effective soil management. Demonstrating its importance, a simple test with water applied to soil samples with varying levels of cover illustrates splash erosion effects.

“Such a simple test mimics real-life conditions farmers face during rains. Soils without cover suffer significant erosion, while those with minimal or substantial cover show reduced erosion and improved water retention. This emphasizes the importance of maintaining permanent soil cover to foster microbial activity and enhance soil health,” highlighted Isaiah Nyagumbo, cropping systems agronomist.

In a nutshell, soil aggregate management is fundamental to climate resilience and agricultural sustainability. Through the adoption of conservation agriculture practices, smallholder farmers can significantly improve soil health, enhance water and nutrient retention, and increase crop resilience to climate stress. The journey from degraded to healthy soil is long and challenging, but with careful management and patience, the benefits are profound and lasting. By understanding and implementing these principles, farmers can build a more sustainable and resilient food system.

Helping farmers access waterlogged agricultural lands amid prevailing food insecurity in Sudan

Written by Julian Bañuelos-Uribe on . Posted in Blogs.

In conflict-ridden Sudan, Gadarif State in Eastern Sudan is the most important region for sorghum production, with about 5-6 million feddan (5.18-6.22 acres) cultivated on an annual basis on large scale farms equipped with agricultural machinery. However, like the country, the state is covered with vertisols, clay-rich soils that shrink and swell with changes in moisture content, that become waterlogged and cannot be properly cultivated during rainy season.

To address the issue, technical experts from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) are mapping areas affected by waterlogging in two localities, namely El Fashaga and El Nahal, to identify the most suitable lands to establish large drainage implementing sites integrated with improved crop varieties of sorghum. This work is part of CIMMYT’s Sustainable Agrifood Systems Approach for Sudan (SASAS) program, which works with farmers and herders to reduce their need for humanitarian assistance in conflict-affected Sudan.

“To address the issue of vertisols affected by water logging in Al Gadarif, the prominent agricultural region in Sudan, we used the map developed by ICRISAT in 2023 and consulted with local farmers to identify 100 hectares El Fashaga and El Nahal localities to improve drainage and avoid waterlogging,” said Gizaw Desta, senior scientist at ICRISAT.

Waterlogging is common on poorly drained soil or when heavy soil is compacted, preventing water from being drained away. This leaves no air spaces in the saturated soil, and plant roots literally drown. Waterlogging can be a major constraint to plant growth and production and, under certain conditions, will cause plant death. In Gadarif state, 2.3 million hectares and 1.8 million hectares of vertisols are under high and moderate waterlogging conditions that impair crop production during the rainy season, leading to food insecurity if not reversed with appropriate agricultural practices.

Experts evaluate the compacted soil. (Photo: CIMMYT)

“For years, my farm has been flooded by water during the rainy season, and I cannot cultivate sorghum as plants die of water suffocation”, said Ali Ahmed, a farmer from Al-Saeeda area of ​​Al-Nahal locality who is affected by waterlogging. “Alternatively, we as farmers affected by waterlogging were forced to cultivate watermelon instead of our main staple food sorghum. This shift in the crops we cultivate is hardly affecting our income.  I am glad that ICRISAT is working to establish drainage systems and address waterlogging within our lands.”

“At SASAS, we strive to ensure that farmers have access to fertile lands and other agricultural inputs. We work with our partners to address all problems facing farmers including waterlogging to help farmers continue producing their staple food and cash crops,” said Abdelrahman Kheir, SASAS chief of party in Sudan.

Linking sustainable agricultural methods

Written by Julian Bañuelos-Uribe on . Posted in Publications.

While agricultural food systems feed the world, they also account for nearly a third of the world’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Reducing the negative environmental footprint of agrifood systems while at the same time maintaining or increasing yields is one of the most important endeavors in the world’s efforts to combat climate change.

One promising mechanism is carbon credits, a set of sustainable agricultural practices designed to enhance the soil’s ability to capture carbon and decrease the amount of GHG’s released into the atmosphere.

Farmers generate these carbon credits based on their reduction of carbon released and then sell these credits in the voluntary carbon market, addressing the critical concern of sustainably transforming agricultural systems without harming farmers’ livelihoods.

Two is better than one

Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a system that involves minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention, and crop diversification, among other agricultural practices. Its potential to mitigate threats from climate change while increasing yields has made it increasingly popular.

Using remote sensing data and surveys with farmers in the Indian states of Bihar and Punjab, four CIMMYT researchers quantified the effect on farmer’s incomes by combining CA methods with carbon credits. Their findings were published in the April 22, 2024, issue of Scientific Reports.

Previous CIMMYT research has shown that implementing three CA practices: efficient fertilizer use, zero-tillage, and improved rice-water management could achieve more than 50% of India’s potential GHG reductions, amounting to 85.5 million tons of CO2.

“Successfully implemented carbon credit projects could reward farmers when they adopt and continue CA practices,” said Adeeth Cariappa, lead author and environmental and resource economist at CIMMYT. “This creates a win–win scenario for all stakeholders, including farmers, carbon credit businesses, corporate customers, the government, and the entire economy.”

Farmers would enjoy an additional income source, private sectors would engage in employment-generating activities, the government would realize cost savings, and economic growth would be stimulated through the demand generated by these activities.

Less carbon and more income

The researchers found by adopting CA practices in wheat production season, farmers can reduce GHG emissions by 1.23 and 1.97 tons of CO2 per hectare of land in Bihar and Punjab States, respectively.

The researchers determined that CA practices, when combined with carbon credits, could boost farmer income by US $18 per hectare in Bihar and US $30 per hectare in Punjab. In Punjab, however, there is a ban on burning agricultural residue, which reduces potential earnings from carbon markets to US $16 per hectare.

“More farmers engaging CA methods is an overall positive for the environment,” said Cariappa. “But convincing individual farmers can be a struggle. By showing them that carbon credits are another potential source of income, along with increased yields, the case for CA is that much stronger.”

While the potential benefits are significant, there are challenges to linking CA and carbon credits.

“To achieve these potential benefits, carbon credit prices must rise, and projects must be carefully planned, designed, monitored, and implemented,” said Cariappa. “This includes selecting the right interventions and project areas, engaging with farmers effectively, and ensuring robust monitoring and implementation mechanisms.”

SKUAST-K Maize Improvement Programme: Transforming Challenges into Bountiful Harvests

Written by dmedina on . Posted in In the media.

The SKUAST-K Maize Improvement Programme, in collaboration with CIMMYT, is making significant advancements in maize agriculture in Jammu and Kashmir. By developing resilient maize varieties and leveraging cutting-edge research, the programme addresses key challenges such as poor soil nutrition and erratic rainfall. This partnership has not only enhanced maize productivity and climate resilience but also secured substantial funding and facilitated the release of landmark varieties, ultimately contributing to a sustainable maize-based economy in the region.

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