As part of the CGIAR Initiative on Agroecology, the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Mechanization and Extension activity participated in the 2024 Agroecology Fairs held in Murewa and Mbire districts on September 25 and October 17, 2024, respectively. The events provided valuable platforms to collaborate with the initiative and showcase different scaling pathways for mechanization within the context of sustainable, efficient farming.
(Photo: CIMMYT)
At the Mechanization and Extension activity’s exhibition stand, visitors explored an array of machinery specifically tailored to small-scale farming needs. Among the featured equipment were basin diggers, two-wheel tractors, multi-crop threshers, chopper grinders, trailers, and peanut butter processing machines, including a groundnut sheller, peanut roaster, and peanut butter-making machine. Each piece of equipment aligns with existing activities within the initiative to demonstrate practical solutions for improving labor efficiency and enhancing crop productivity which might be needed during agroecology transitions.
The basin digger drew significant attention, especially from farmers encountering it for the first time or wanting to know more about how they could become service providers. Designed for creating basins such as those established under the Pfumvudza/Intwasa conservation agriculture program, the basin digger can significantly reduce labor and time in land preparation, especially for those with limited access to manual labor.
The service provision model: a pathway to accessible mechanization
Participants interested in the service provision model received first-hand information on the benefits of the program and how they could sign up. The service provision model is a key part of the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Mechanization and Extension activity, designed to facilitate year-round access to mechanization services in farming communities.
Through this model, trained service providers are established locally, offering a range of fee-based services, including land preparation, crop management, post-harvest processing, value addition, and transportation. This model makes essential machinery accessible to farmers without requiring them to purchase it outright. To support the establishment of service providers, three financing options are offered:
Loan facility: Prospective service providers apply for a loan from BancABC, with a 30% initial deposit of the total machinery cost. Upon approval, the balance is paid directly to the machinery supplier, who then delivers the equipment.
Hire purchase agreement: Service providers may opt for a hire purchase arrangement with the manufacturer, where machinery is provided after an agreed deposit, with the remaining balance paid over three to four months.
Outright cash purchase: Community members with funds can purchase machinery.
Strong community interest and prospects for growth
The Mechanization and Extension activity stand generated substantial interest among farmers in both districts. In Murewa, 95 participants engaged with the display, with eight potential service providers expressing interest in acquiring the peanut butter-making machine, manual groundnut sheller, and peanut roaster. Groundnut production is high in Murewa, so farmers were especially intrigued by the value addition machinery, which opens new opportunities for processing and marketing.
“As groundnut farmers, these machines will give us a business opportunity to sell peanut butter in large quantities,” said attendee Colleta Nzara of Murewa district.
“We used to lose so much money by just selling unshelled groundnuts because very few could manually process into peanut butter, but with these machines, the whole process is so much easier,” said Florence Mutize of Murewa district.
In Mbire, where 57 participants visited the stand, the basin digger was a major attraction.
“This is the first time I am seeing this machine that can ease our labor burdens when making our Pfumvudza plots,” said Jennifer Nyatande from Mbire district. “I’m eager to invest in one to both reduce costs on my farm and offer services to others.“
(Photo: CIMMYT)
The 2024 Agroecology Fairs provided an opportunity to demonstrate how mechanization can be both accessible and transformative for smallholder farmers. With growing interest from local communities, the Mechanization and Extension activity continues to work toward sustainable agricultural development across Zimbabwe’s rural districts.
Under the scorching Sudanese sun, Salwa Suliman has become a symbol of transformation in Kasala. Her hands which once used to knead dough and prepare meals as a cook, are now shaping a brighter future for her family and community. A cook and trainer by trade, Salwa’s family relied on agriculture to make ends meet. But when the conflict disrupted their farming activities, their livelihood and future seemed uncertain.
Through CIMMYT’s Sustainable Agrifood Systems Approach for Sudan (SASAS), Salwa has embraced change, learning the secrets of organic fertilizer production, innovative food processing, and sustainable agriculture. With the support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), today Salwa now runs a vibrant business that produces food that nourishes the body as well as the soul. Her journey is proof that even in the harshest conditions, with the right support and determination, growth is always possible. Salwa’s success is more than a personal triumph—it’s a testament to the transformative power of hope and action rippling through Sudan.
Building resilience in the midst of conflict
In Kassala and Gadaref states, solar-powered irrigation kits have replaced costly and unreliable diesel pumps, enabling more than 2,000 farmers to grow high-value crops such as vegetables year-round. These systems not only reduce operational costs, but farmers are trained to maintain and optimize them, ensuring long-term sustainability.
Solar panels (Photo: Mercy crops)
Equally transformative are the eight solar-powered agro-processing hubs that provide essential machinery such as threshers, oil presses, and grinders. These hubs have become economic lifelines, especially for women, who use them to create micro-enterprises. From grinding and packaging dried vegetables to selling value-added products, women are driving economic growth while reducing post-harvest losses and strengthening food security.
Commitment to gender equality and representation
Women’s empowerment is a cornerstone of the SASAS approach. Through gender awareness initiatives in 20 communities, more than 2,800 participants, including 2,485 women, have addressed negative social norms, women’s rights, and decision-making in economic activities. Activities such as theatrical performances and competitions have reinforced these messages and created gender-equitable environments. This groundwork has been further strengthened by the establishment of gender committees, each of which integrates men and women to advocate for equitable access to resources and leadership roles.
The impact extends to grassroots leadership, where trained gender advocates facilitate sensitization sessions that benefit cooperative members and promote sustainable gender advocacy.
Bridging partnerships for agricultural transformation
The World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg), in partnership with SASAS, has played a key role in integrating sustainable vegetable production into Sudan’s food systems. Their initiatives —from providing quality seeds to training farmers in integrated pest management and post-harvest practices — have reached thousands of beneficiaries, with women making up 50% of the participants. Through partnerships with local organizations and private sector actors, WorldVeg has expanded access to resources and knowledge, ensuring that even conflict-affected communities can thrive.
ADRA and Mercy Corps have also been instrumental in the success of SASAS. Mercy Corps established solar-powered agro-processing centers and irrigation systems, providing critical infrastructure for sustainable agriculture. ADRA reinforced these efforts by implementing solar-powered cold storage facilities and establishing gender committees with equal representation of men and women to promote gender equity in decision-making and access to resources.
(Photo: Mercy crops)(Photo: Mercy crops)
A model for future growth
The success of SASAS demonstrates the power of combining innovative technologies, gender-focused initiatives, and strong partnerships to create lasting change. From the solar-powered cold storage facilities that preserve harvests to the empowered women who transform local economies, the program offers a blueprint for resilience and growth in fragile contexts.
USAID support for recovery and resilience
None of these achievements would have been possible without the support of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). By funding and guiding the SASAS program, USAID has enabled the integration of solar power, gender empowerment, and sustainable agriculture into Sudan’s recovery efforts. From solar-powered irrigation to the empowerment of women like Salwa, USAID’s commitment has been a beacon of hope for communities rebuilding in the midst of adversity.
Sundhani Tharu, a 44-year-old farmer from Pattharbojhi, Madhuwan-1 in the Bardiya district, in the mid-west of Kathmandu, is a leading example of how sustainable agricultural practices not only enhance crop production but also contribute to human and environmental health. Her dedication to a balanced approach to farming, which includes crop-livestock integration and the principles of the 4Rs of nutrient stewardship, has had a significant impact on her farm and the wider community.
Sundhani lives in a joint family of 58 members, with farming as the primary source of income. On their 8.13 hectares of land, they grow staple crops like rice, maize, mustard, and lentils, while also raising 26 cows, 17 buffaloes, and 45 sheep. Through this integration of crop production and livestock, Sundhani has built a closed-loop farming system where farmyard manure (FYM) from the livestock nourishes the crops, and crop residues feed the animals, ensuring minimal waste and promoting a natural balance between animals, crops, and soil health.
Sundhani with her family (Photo: Sirish Shrestha)
Central to her success is her application of the 4Rs of nutrient stewardship, which involves applying the right source of nutrients at the right rate, at the right time, and in the right place. This approach ensures that her crops receive the essential nutrients they need while minimizing environmental impact. With support from the USAID-supported Nepal Seed and Fertilizer (NSAF) Project, implemented by CIMMYT, Sundhani has been trained in nutrient management techniques, including the 4R principles. These practices have helped her optimize fertilizer use and significantly improve her crop yields, doubling her maize production from 30 to 60 quintals per hectare.
Sundhani also prioritizes the use of farmyard manure, which plays a vital role in her farming system. The manure from her livestock is carefully composted and used as a natural fertilizer, enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients. This reduces her reliance on synthetic fertilizers, which can harm the environment and deplete soil health over time. By using farmyard manure, Sundhani is not only improving soil fertility but also promoting a healthier ecosystem for future generations.
Similarly, the importance of a healthy diet is another key focus of Sundhani’s farming journey. Her farm provides her family with a diverse range of crops, including rice, maize, mustard, and vegetables like cauliflower, tomatoes, and potatoes. These crops contribute to a balanced, nutrient-rich diet for her large family, ensuring that they receive essential nutrients from fresh, organic produce. Sundhani’s vegetable farming is further enhanced through climate-smart practices like intercropping and mulching, which protect the soil, conserve water, and increase the variety of crops she can grow.
In addition to her focus on nutrient management and healthy diets, Sundhani has embraced Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM), a holistic approach to soil health. ISFM combines organic and inorganic fertilizers, along with improved crop varieties and efficient nutrient management techniques, to enhance soil fertility and ensure long-term agricultural productivity. Through ISFM, Sundhani has achieved sustainable growth in her farming operations while safeguarding the environment for future generations.
Sundhani Tharu (Photo: Sirish Shrestha)
Though Sundhani can hardly read or write, she is contributing to the “One Health” movement—a global initiative that connects the health of people, animals, and the environment through best management practices in agriculture. By integrating crops and livestock, using farmyard manure, and applying the 4Rs of nutrient stewardship, she promotes a sustainable, eco-friendly system that enhances food security, improves soil health, and protects natural resources.
Looking ahead, Sundhani is determined to expand her farming ventures. She plans to venture into seed production for rice and mustard and hopes to increase her earnings from NPR 5 lakh (USD 3,740) to NPR 8 lakh (USD 5,987). By continuing to inspire her community and advocate for local vegetable markets, Sundhani envisions a future where farming is not only a source of livelihood but a cornerstone for a healthy, thriving ecosystem.
Sundhani Tharu’s story highlights the power of nutrient stewardship and sustainable farming to create healthier soils, crops, and communities. Through her dedication to the 4Rs, ISFM, and promoting farmyard manure use, she is paving the way for a future where agriculture is in harmony with nature—benefiting both people and the planet.
CIMMYT’s economists Adeeth Cariappa and Vijesh Krishna examine the potential of agricultural carbon markets to boost sustainable farming in India while addressing climate change. Their study, published in Climate Policy, reviewed seven carbon farming projects in Haryana and Madhya Pradesh, finding limited participation from smallholders and marginalized communities, with women making up just 4% of participants.
Although new sustainable practices such as zero tillage and intercropping were adopted, key challenges remain, including poor communication, insufficient training, and delayed payments—resulting in nearly 28% of farmers abandoning these practices. To improve outcomes, the authors recommend offering better financial incentives, ensuring timely payments, and improving project implementation through partnerships with research institutions. Digital technologies like remote sensing and satellite imagery are expected to play a critical role in improving carbon credit monitoring and farmer participation going forward.
A digital champion trained by CIMMYT in climate-smart agricultural practices, shares her knowledge with her community (Photo: Moono Mwiinga Sekeleti/CIMMYT)
Zambia’s agricultural sector has long grappled with significant gender disparities, particularly in rural areas where women often face unique barriers to accessing essential agricultural information. Despite playing a critical role in food production, women remain significantly underrepresented as agricultural extension agents, a trend that persists not only in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) but also globally. Changing this narrative demands a coordinated effort from government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the private sector and communities to challenge deep-rooted stereotypes about women’s roles and capabilities in agriculture.[1]
The Atubandike approach, a key part of the Southern Africa Accelerated Innovation Delivery Initiative (AID-I) Rapid Delivery Hub, addresses these challenges head on. Through initiatives focusing on gender-inclusive seed systems and agricultural advisories on climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices, Atubandike is actively working to increase women’s representation among Zambia’s agricultural advisors. By equipping communities with inclusive advisory services and training women and men digital champions, Atubandike is paving the way for a more equitable agricultural future.
This blog delves into the gender biases uncovered during recent community consultations organized by the AID-I Atubandike team in Zambia’s Southern Province across various rural districts, held in November 2023, as well as July 2024.[2] These consultations, aimed at addressing gender and youth stereotypes in agriculture, highlighted Atubandike’s initiatives to reshape the agricultural landscape for women and marginalized groups.
Community dialogues reveal deep-rooted gender biases in advisory access and spring up encouraging perspectives for female advisors
Staying true to the name, Atubandike—meaning “Let’s Chat” in Tonga—the AID-I team implementing the initiative, facilitated community discussions with over 1,700 farmers in Zambia’s Southern Province to explore underlying gender challenges in agriculture. Through these conversations, deep-seated gender biases emerged as a significant barrier. Many female agricultural advisors contend with cultural stereotypes that undermine their leadership and technical skills. As one participant noted, “Women are mostly seen as subordinates to men, so it is only natural that female agricultural advisors are viewed as less capable.” Such remarks highlight the difficult path women often tread to establish their authority in agricultural roles. Unfortunately, this bias isn’t limited to men; some female farmers also expressed a preference for male advisors, sharing the belief that “a fellow woman cannot provide valuable information.”
Women participating during a focus group discussion (Photo: Moono Mwiinga Sekeleti/CIMMYT)
Studies on agricultural extension services confirm that gender disparities in advisory roles severely limit women farmers’ access to timely, high-quality information in SSA and other developing regions. This, in turn, impedes their ability to boost productivity and provide for their families.[3]Agricultural Advisory Services (AAS) are often designed with men as the primary beneficiaries, overlooking the need to make services more accessible and relevant to women. The dominance of male extension agents further exacerbates this issue, especially in societies where cultural norms restrict interactions between women and men outside their immediate family. These societal norms reinforce traditional gender roles, undermining the effectiveness of women as agricultural advisors. As a result, women are often excluded from opportunities that would enable them to fully participate in, and benefit from, agricultural development. This exclusion not only limits their potential but also perpetuates poverty and inequality.
On a positive note, a more nuanced perspective also emerged during the discussions. Some community members recognized the unique strengths that female advisors bring to their work. As one participant observed, “Female advisors are more careful and easier to talk to,” noting that women often prioritize technical knowledge, while men may base advice more on personal experience. This insight provides a glimmer of hope: with increased exposure and trust, farmers could become more receptive to female advisors, recognizing their effectiveness alongside their male colleagues.
A female farmer shares her experience during a CIMMYT visit to her village where farmers were discussing gender youth and social inclusion (Photo: Moono Mwiinga Sekeleti/CIMMYT)
In some settings, women farmers even prefer female advisors, feeling more comfortable discussing issues and having a greater sense of shared experiences. According to a study conducted in Mozambique, women farmers were more likely to be reached as well as learn when agricultural content was delivered by female advisors.[4] This highlights the potential impact of gender-sensitive approaches in improving the efficacy and accessibility of advisory services for women.
Achieving equal footing for women in AAS requires addressing a broader range of barriers. This not only entails efforts to recruit and retain women in these roles but also providing equal opportunities for education and training, as well as developing explicit policies to safeguard women advisors from gender-based discrimination.
Breaking barriers: How Atubandike is transforming AAS
The goal of the Atubandike approach is to identify, understand and dismantle entrenched gender barriers in agriculture. By adopting an innovative and inclusive strategy, this initiative equips both men and women with the tools they need to become digital champions and agricultural advisors, playing pivotal roles in their communities. With a deliberate focus on increasing female representation, Atubandike ensures that at least 50% of these champions are women, amplifying their visibility and influence in the sector.
Central to Atubandike is its emphasis on community engagement through a feedback-driven process. This approach facilitates open dialogue among community members, urging them to confront existing social biases and develop practical solutions. Through these discussions, the initiative fosters collective action aimed at promoting gender equity and social inclusion. Additionally, Atubandike provides comprehensive training on gender, diversity, and inclusion, equipping its digital champions not only with technical knowledge but also with the skills required to challenge and navigate gender biases effectively.
One of the initiative’s most transformative elements is its focus on diverse role models. By ensuring that half of its village-based digital champions are women, Atubandike boosts their digital literacy, agricultural expertise, and standing as leaders and role models within their communities.[5] These women are featured prominently in digital content and on talk shows, reshaping perceptions of women as agricultural leaders and breaking down longstanding negative narratives that have historically sidelined them.
Sustaining Atubandike’s momentum: Community-driven support for female advisors
Community members balanced the discussions by proposing valuable insights and strategies to overcome the deeply rooted stereotypes that challenge female agricultural advisors. Raising community awareness about the value of female advisors emerged as a crucial approach to fostering their acceptance. As one participant emphasized, “More training on gender norms is essential so that the community can become more open-minded.” Others argued that establishing trust in female advisors from the outset could empower them as agents of change: “If we begin by placing our trust in female agricultural advisors, we can encourage other communities to do the same.”
Community leaders were urged to facilitate meetings to address any disrespect toward agricultural advisors, irrespective of gender. A farmer emphasized the necessity of mutual respect, stating, “The community should be encouraged to work cooperatively with their agricultural advisors.”
Participants also highlighted that agricultural advisors must actively demonstrate their competence to build trust. In one community, it was stressed that both female and male advisors “must practice the agricultural technologies they promote so that people can have faith in their competence.” Additionally, participants suggested that advisors wear uniforms to clearly distinguish their professional roles, signaling their commitment to serving the community in an official capacity.
A model for inclusive agricultural development
Atubandike transcends the role of a conventional agricultural advisory initiative; it stands as a beacon of inclusive development, extending its impact across Zambia and setting a model for the region. By delving into the roots of gender bias and driving practical, community-led solutions, Atubandike aligns with the AID-I project’s mission of “delivering with a difference.” Through empowering female digital champions and fostering dialogues on social equity, Atubandike demonstrates that meaningful change is both attainable and sustainable. As a testament to AID-I’s dedication to equitable innovation and resilience, Atubandike is not only reshaping gender norms in Zambia but is also establishing itself as a blueprint for inclusive impact across Southern Africa’s agricultural landscape.
[1] BenYishay, A., Jones, M., Kondylis, F., & Mobarak, A. M. (2020). Gender gaps in technology diffusion. Journal of development economics, 143, 102380.
[2] The informed consent statement and methodology used in the community conversations are available upon request m.fisher@cgiar.org.
[4] Kondylis, F., Mueller, V., Sheriff, G., & Zhu, S. (2016). Do female instructors reduce gender bias in the diffusion of sustainable land management techniques? Experimental evidence from Mozambique. World Development, 78, 436-449.
[5] Lecoutere, E., Spielman, D. J., & Van Campenhout, B. (2023). Empowering women through targeting information or role models: Evidence from an experiment in agricultural extension in Uganda. World Development, 167, 106240.
CIMMYT, through the CGIAR-supported Ukama Ustawi initiative, is supporting women farmers in Zimbabwe to lead the fight against climate change. By adopting climate-smart practices like zero tillage and growing drought-resistant crops such as orange maize, cowpeas, and lab-lab, farmers like Susan Chinyengetere are ensuring food security, generating income, and inspiring others. These techniques not only strengthen resilience against erratic weather but also enable women to balance traditional roles while driving sustainable agriculture. With access to affordable seeds, mechanization, and strong farmer networks, CIMMYT is fostering lasting solutions to climate adaptation across Zimbabwe and beyond.
CIMMYT has been at the forefront of promoting conservation agriculture (CA) in Southern Africa, leveraging over 20 years of research to enhance food security and resilience to climate change. By introducing innovative mechanized tools like basin diggers, CIMMYT has significantly reduced labor demands, making CA more accessible for smallholder farmers. The organization collaborates with partners, including FAO, to integrate CA into national policies, such as Zambia’s mechanization strategy, while also providing education and technical support to farmers. CIMMYT’s efforts empower farmers to increase yields, improve soil health, and generate additional income, exemplifying its commitment to sustainable agriculture in the region.
Women and youth are essential drivers of agricultural and economic resilience in Zambia’s rural farming communities. However, they frequently encounter significant barriers such as restrictive social norms and inadequate access to vital resources which hinder their ability to participate fully in the economy.
Female youth sharing her views (Photo: Moono Seleketi).
Recognizing the critical roles of women and youth in shaping the present and future of Zambian agriculture, the ‘Atubandike’ approach, under CIMMYT’s USAID-funded Southern Africa Accelerated Innovation Delivery Initiative (AID-I) Rapid Delivery Hub project, has been actively engaging with communities to address systemic barriers faced by these groups. This initiative combines digital tools with face-to-face interactions, creating spaces where community members can share their stories, challenges, and questions to co-create solutions.
Atubandike, which means ‘let’s have a conversation’ in the local Tongo language, was launched in Zambia in 2023 as an advisory service. The model represents a scalable, community-led approach that empowers marginalized groups, including women and youth, as active contributors and leaders in agriculture. With each interaction building upon the previous one, this ongoing work advances the broader mission of fostering inclusivity and resilience across Zambia’s agricultural sector.
To uncover and tackle the structural barriers faced by women and youth, the Atubandike team recently engaged over 1,700 farmers across 14 communities in Southern Zambia, gaining critical insights into the biases that persist in rural areas.
Stereotypes and structural barriers
The community conversations highlighted generational divides and deeply rooted stereotypes that cast youth as disengaged or disinterested in farming. Older community members opined that young people are more drawn to urban lifestyles and reluctant to take on the demanding labor associated with agriculture. One elderly farmer said: “Many youths prefer a comfortable lifestyle and quick money. They don’t have the patience for the hard work farming requires.”
In contrast, younger participants shared that this perception overlooks the genuine obstacles they face such as limited access to land, financing, training, and mentorship opportunities. They emphasized that their lack of involvement often stems from these barriers rather than a lack of motivation.
Young male farmer speaking (Photo: Moono Seleketi).
The consultations also underscored pervasive gender norms that limit women’s roles in agriculture. Despite their significant contributions to household food security, female farmers are often relegated to secondary roles, focusing on ‘women’s crops such as groundnuts, while men cultivate staple crops such as maize and cash crops such as soybean. A participant shared, “The community always perceives men as the real farmers because they are considered the heads of the household.” This perception frequently limits women’s access to critical resources and their decision-making power within the agricultural sphere.
However, through Atubandike’s sessions, communities are beginning to confront these entrenched norms, shedding light on the vital contributions of women and youth in agriculture. This shift is laying the groundwork for a more equitable approach, where both men and women, young and old, are recognized as essential to farming success and household resilience. As these conversations grow, Atubandike is paving the way for solutions that promise meaningful and lasting change for both women and youth in agriculture.
Community-driven solutions
Building youth capacity through skills and leadership: Many community members expressed a strong desire to see more youth involved in agricultural activities, emphasizing the importance of hands-on training. “We need to get the youth involved in actual farming [tasks] such as irrigation and crop management. It keeps them busy and teaches them valuable skills,” shared one local leader.
To support this vision, Atubandike is training young community members as digital champions, equipping them with both technical expertise and leadership skills that allow them to mentor their peers and encourage youth participation in agriculture. These digital champions not only extend the reach of Atubandike’s initiatives but also serve as relatable role models, inspiring other young people to engage in agriculture as well as see it as a viable and rewarding path.
Towards a more inclusive future for Zambian agriculture
The Atubandike initiative – by fostering open community dialogue, empowering digital champions, and promoting household-level collaboration – lays the foundation for a more inclusive future for Zambian agriculture. As each community engagement builds momentum, CIMMYT, through the AID-I project, creates a cycle of empowerment and growth that ensures women and youth are not only heard but also empowered to lead.
Women celebrating at community meeting (Photo: Moono Seleketi).
Amidst the challenges of erratic weather patterns and economic constraints, building resilience through cross-generational and gender-inclusive collaboration is crucial. Atubandike is addressing these geographic and social challenges and paving the way for a future where every farmer, regardless of age or gender, plays a pivotal role in Zambia’s agricultural success.
In a recent series of conversations with CGIAR knowledge management teams, Sara Jani and Valentina De Col interviewed Jesús Herrera de la Cruz, CIMMYT’s Deputy Director of Knowledge Management and Information Technologies. They discussed CGIAR’s collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on AGRIS and AGROVOC – two key resources in agricultural research. AGRIS is a comprehensive bibliographic database focusing on agriculture and nutrition, while AGROVOC is a multilingual thesaurus covering a wide range of agricultural terms.
Benefits of being in AGRIS
CIMMYT has shared its knowledge products with AGRIS and plans to do so more. What are the benefits of your center’s participation in AGRIS?
Jesús: When I think about it, there’s one clear benefit: projection. AGRIS allows CIMMYT to be part of one of the most important databases in our field, if not the most important. This link allows us to showcase our work on a global scale. Another critical benefit is trust. AGRIS is a trusted source of accurate and reliable information. In today’s age, where the internet is flooded with information, having a trusted source like AGRIS is invaluable. It ensures that CIMMYT’s contributions are part of a verifiable and respected database, which is crucial to maintaining the integrity and credibility of our work.
Importance for CGIAR of sharing research results through AGRIS
From a broader perspective, do you think it is important for CGIAR to share its research results with a wider community and global users through AGRIS? If so, why?
Jesús: Absolutely, and it’s not just important—it’s our mandate. As part of our commitment to make our public goods as accessible as possible, AGRIS is one of the main channels we use to fulfill this mandate. The more we share our scientific outputs, the better we fulfil our mission. This sharing aligns with our goals and enhances our ability to collaborate and fulfil our mission.
CIMMYT’s knowledge content: content types and topics
How would you describe the knowledge content produced by your center and made available through your repository? In which specific research areas does your center publish?
Jesús: CIMMYT focuses primarily on maize and wheat improvement, genetic resources and conservation agriculture. Recently, CIMMYT has expanded its research into other crops, although these newer projects are not yet strongly reflected in our repository. We expect this to change in the coming years as new research results becomes available. In addition to our scientific content, our repository includes institutional documents, such as financial reports and other forms of historical memory. These items are often overlooked, but they provide a richer understanding of the history of our work by offering insights into the context in which our research took place.
Importance of AGRIS for agricultural research institutions such as CGIAR
Do you think it is important for agricultural research institutions or networks such as CGIAR, to have access to a comprehensive bibliographic database such as AGRIS? If so, what are the specific benefits of having access to such a database?
Jesús: As I mentioned earlier, having access to AGRIS is more than important— it is essential. AGRIS is a cornerstone for ensuring we remain compliant with our mandate. It’s a trusted source that provides control and guarantees the credibility of the content within it. This reliability is invaluable to researchers and readers alike. AGRIS is a source of truth and its role in maintaining the integrity of our scientific output cannot be overstated.
Improving searchability and interoperability with AGROVOC
CGIAR contributes to and uses AGROVOC as a common vocabulary. How does this collaboration affect the discoverability and interoperability of your data?
Jesús: Absolutely. AGROVOC significantly enhances the discoverability and interoperability of our data. By using controlled vocabularies such as AGROVOC, we can ensure consistent and accurate data exchange across platforms. AGROVOC is the definitive controlled vocabulary in our field, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining the standardization necessary for seamless interoperability. For us, it’s not just a tool, it’s a cornerstone of our data management strategy, and it’s essential that it continues to be the standard.
The discussion focused on the role of AGRIS in increasing the visibility and accessibility of CIMMYT’s research results. By continuing to strengthen links with the AGRIS and AGROVOC programs, the CGIAR is well placed to increase the global impact of its research and ensure that vital agricultural knowledge reaches those who need it most around the world.
Participants of the seed systems and market intelligence team at the retreat in Kenya (Photo: CIMMYT).
The Seed Systems and Market Intelligence Team of the Sustainable Agrifood Systems (SAS) Program convened for a three-day retreat in Kenya. The retreat provided an opportunity to review ongoing research on seed systems and market intelligence conducted across CIMMYT projcts and CGIAR initiatives.
The event featured oral and poster presentations highlighting key findings from current research activities, fostering constructive feedback from colleagues. Discussion focused on strengthening the team’s technical capacity and ensuring its responsiveness to CIMMYT’s research programs and the broader CGIAR science agenda.
During the retreat, team members presented research spanning a wide range of topics. One key area focused on understanding the demands of farmers, processors, and consumers, for future crop traits, with the aim of informing breeding systems programs to maximize their impact.
The team highlight challenges faced by agro-processors, such as rancidity in pearl millet, which affects the shelf life of processed millet flour. Research also explored groundnut processing across different countries, revealing varied market demands.
In Malawi, groundnut markets prioritize grain size, color and uniformity-driven largely by export requirements-while oil content is less of a focus. In contrast, Nigerian markets demand high oil content for kuli kuli production and show a preference for early maturing varieties. Meanwhile, in Tanzania, an emerging peanut butter market has created opportunities for new groundnut varieties tailored to this product.
Seed systems research in Kenya highlighted how information and economic incentives for farmers and agro-dealers can serve as effective policy options to boost the adoption of new maize hybrids. These strategies have the potential to increase the market share of newly introduced hybrids in the maize seed sector.
The team showcased the impact of providing variety-specific, independently evaluated yield data for commercially available seed products under local conditions to guide farmers’ seed choices. Additionally, they explored the use of rebates as incentives for agro-dealers to stock new products and actively encourage farmers to try them. The role of price discounts and targeted information at the retail level for newly released varieties was also discussed as a way to promote adoption among farmers.
Another key area of research focused on how farmers perceive existing promotional materials distributed by seed companies. Feedback indicated that most leaflets and posters were not visually engaging. Farmers expressed a preference for materials that include visuals of plant stands, cob sizes, yield potential, and other critical details, presented in local languages like swahili.
Looking ahead, the team outlined a new four-year project supported by the Impact Assessment Group under the Genetic Innovations Action Area. This initiative will build on the current findings to generate further evidence on how information can accelerate farmer adoption of new seed products. It will also examine the role of agro-dealers as key information agents to disseminate knowledge effectively to farmers.
The meeting also highlighted the assessment of varietal turnover in Ethiopia and the role of the DNA Fingerprinting (DNA FP) approach in improving the accuracy of varietal identification. Accurate data generated through this method supports more robust studies on varietal adoption, turnover, and impact. It also enables the assessment of whether released varieties are being cultivated within their target agro-ecologies and contributes to understanding varietal diversity within production systems.
Discussions emphasized the relevance of the DNA FP approach for accurate data collection and its potential for broader application beyond Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Nigeria, where the IMAGE project is currently active. Expanding its use to other regions would further strengthen research efforts in seed systems and market intelligence.
Paswel Marenya, associate program director of SAS Africa, commended the team for the depth and breadth of their research and encouraged greater visibility of results within CIMMYT and beyond. As a key outcome of the meeting, the team committed to increasing its visibility in seed systems and market intelligence research while building a stronger, more qualified team to achieve this goal.
In terms of staffing, the team has a solid presence in Africa but aims to expand its reach through enhanced resource mobilization. Efforts are underway to strengthen the Seed Systems and Market Intelligence team’s presence in other regions where CIMMYT operates, including Latin America (LATAM) and South Asia.
Soil health is not just a medium for healthy crop production; it’s also a vital pillar to support sustainable food production and ultimately a nation’s economy. In India, where over 45% of the population works in agriculture, soil health underpins household and national food security, rural incomes and the economy at large. Despite this dependence, the ratio of agricultural production to the national income, i.e. GDP has fallen from 35% in 1990 to 15% in 2023, a decline driven by low productivity, shrinking farm incomes, and environmental degradation (Government of India, 2023).
A tractor operates in an agricultural field in India (Photo: CIMMYT).
India faces an annual economic loss of ₹2.54 trillion annually—about 2% of its GDP—due to land degradation and unsustainable land-use practices (TERI, 2018). For smallholder farmers, soil degradation is a silent economic burden that reduces yields and increases input costs. In Bihar, studies by the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) show that droughts have a lasting impact on soil quality and agricultural productivity, with increasing frequency and severity exacerbating vulnerabilities in states like of Bihar and its neighboring states (Nageswararao et al., 2016; Singh et al., 2022).
The frequency of these drought conditions pushes farmers into a vicious cycle of low productivity, high costs for irrigation, and a growing dependence on non-farm income sources exacerbating the state’s vulnerability to drought (Kishore et al., 2014).
“CIMMYT India scientists greatly value the opportunity to collaborate with colleagues from ICAR and other NARES partners in supporting farmers to enhance soil health and achieve sustainable productivity”, said Alison Laing, CSISA project lead in India. “We are proud of the contribution we make alongside the Indian national systems to improving farmers’ livelihoods”, she added
Investing in solutions for soil resilience
Addressing soil degradation and climate challenges requires investment in climate-resilient agricultural technologies, and robust agronomic research. Evidence-based policies are critical to sustain agriculture, improve farmer well-being and ensure food and economic security.
A promising innovation is the Soil Intelligence System (SIS), launched in 2019 under CSISA. Initially operational in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Odisha, SIS generates high-quality soil data and digital maps to provide farmers with precise agronomic recommendations. These recommendations help reduce fertilizer and water overuse, improving efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By empowering smallholder farmers with data-driven decision-making, SIS exemplifies how technology can enhance productivity and sustainability.
SIS’s success extends beyond the farm. Data-driven insights have influenced policies like the Andhra Pradesh State Fertilizer and Micronutrient Policy, demonstrating the potential of soil health management to drive systemic agricultural reforms.
Working in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha, SIS uses soil spectroscopy and digital mapping to improve sustainable soil management, reduce costs and increase productivity for smallholder farmers. (Photo: CIMMYT)
The 3M Framework: measure, monitor and manage
This year’s World Soil Day theme, “Caring for Soils: Measure, Monitor, Manage,” highlights the importance of data driven soil management. By measuring key indicators like organic carbon levels and erosion rates, and monitoring changes overtime, policymakers can develop sustainable strategies for soil restoration.
Scaling initiatives like SIS is crucial. Robust soil monitoring programs can inform better alignment between subsidies and sustainable practices. Together with state and central governments, NGOs, and other research organizations, CIMMYT is actively collaborating with farmers to measure, monitor and manage soil health for long-term sustainability and resilience.
References:
Government of India (2023). Contribution of agriculture in GDP. Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. Accessed online.
TERI (2018). Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought in India, Vol I. The Energy and Resources Institute. Accessed online.
Nageswararao, M.M., Dhekale, B.S., & Mohanty, U.C. (2016). Impact of climate variability on various Rabi crops over Northwest India. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 131(503–521). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1991-7.
Singh, A. & Akhtar, Md. P. (2022). Drought-like situation in Bihar: Study and thought of sustainable strategy. IWRA (India) Journal, 11(1). Accessed online.
Kishore, A., Joshi, P.K., & Pandey, D. (2014). Droughts, Distress, and Policies for Drought Proofing Agriculture in Bihar, India. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01398. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2545463.
Members of the Maíz Criollo Kantunil group next to a plot of land cultivated using sustainable practices (Photo: Jenifer Morales/CIMMYT)
The Mexican Revolution was not the only transformative movement to emerge in Mexico. Another profound transformation began in the Mexican countryside, and today, far from guns, today it continues to drive a more peaceful and resilient society through the integration of science, innovation and ancestral knowledge.
In the 1960s, Mexico set a precedent for global agricultural change. Today, that movement has evolved into a sustainability approach that responds to today’s challenges: climate change, biodiversity loss and the need to ensure food security. Under CIMMYT’s leadership, the Hub model has established itself as a key tool for delivering scientific solutions to producers, strengthening resilient and sustainable agricultural systems.
At CIMMYT, we believe that ensuring food security means not only producing healthier food but also conserving natural resources such as soil and water and promoting the well-being of farmers and their communities. Through the Hub model, we have promoted practices such as the sustainable management of staple crops such as maize and related crops, and the use of strategies to strengthen the seed system to meet the challenges of the agricultural sector.
A clear example of this approach is the Maíz Criollo Kantunil group in Yucatán. Led by Edgar Miranda, this collective of eight families has adopted innovative practices such as regenerative agriculture, efficient water use and agroecological pest management. By linking with the Hub model, the group has been able to conserve native seeds, strengthen local agroecology and generate social and productive benefits for their community.
“Our main objective is that the next generations will have seeds available to meet their food needs,” said Edgar Miranda. “We work with sustainable practices that allow us to conserve our resources and produce healthy crops,” he added.
In addition to supporting producers, the Hub model fosters associativity and community participation, essential pillars for building inclusive and resilient food systems. These activities are in line with national initiatives such as strengthening production chains, but also reflect CIMMYT’s commitment to a global approach to sustainable development.
CIMMYT’s strategy in Mexico not only supports producers in transforming their agricultural systems, but also promotes strategic alliances with public and private actors. These collaborations strengthen the integration of scientific solutions and sustainable practices, stimulate innovation in rural communities, and promote resilience to the challenges of climate change. With an approach based on science, inclusiveness and continuous learning, CIMMYT continues to contribute to building a more equitable, sustainable and prosperous future for Mexico and the world.
The Zambia Agricultural Research Institute (ZARI) has undergone a significant transformation, fueled by a strategic subgrant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through the Africa Dryland Crop Improvement Network (ADCIN). Established in August 2023 and convened by CIMMYT through its Dryland Crops Program (DCP), ADCIN is a collaborative network aimed at uniting over 200 scientists from more than 17 countries across sub-Saharan Africa. Its mission is to create a dynamic and sustainable network to develop and deliver improved varieties of dryland crops in the region. By leveraging the collective expertise of its multidisciplinary members, ADCIN strives to accelerate the access of enhanced crop varieties to smallholder farmers.
This support has led to the modernization of ZARI’s research facilities, improved irrigation systems, and enhanced data management capabilities, positioning the institute as a leader in climate-smart crop research. Key advances include speed breeding and controlled drought research, which have led to higher crop yields and better adaptation to climate challenges. These improvements have not only strengthened Zambia’s agricultural research capacity but also fostered regional collaboration and knowledge sharing, benefiting farmers, scientists, and institutions across Southern Africa. The institute’s improved infrastructure, including expanded water storage and solar power, has ensured uninterrupted research, even during power outages. As a model for other NARES institutions, ZARI’s transformation highlights the critical role of strategic investment in agricultural research to address the growing challenges of climate change and food security across Africa.
We caught up with Dr. Loyd Mbulwe, the Ag. Chief Agriculture Research Officer at ZARI, to get more insight into the upgrade.
Q: What were some of the challenges ZARI faced before the upgrades?
A: ZARI faced several research-related challenges that hampered its potential for innovation. These included limited access to essential research equipment, inadequate funding for critical projects, and insufficient capacity for data management and analysis. Collaboration and knowledge sharing with regional and international partners were also limited.
In terms of infrastructure, ZARI struggled with outdated laboratory facilities, inefficient greenhouse and irrigation systems, and limited storage space for seeds and plant materials. The institution’s ICT infrastructure was inadequate to support modern agricultural research needs. Operational efficiency was hampered by manual data collection, inefficient research protocols, and inadequate standard operating procedures.
Q: How has the upgrade helped ZARI overcome these challenges, and how has it improved the quality and quantity of research coming out of ZARI?
A: Recent upgrades at ZARI have significantly improved its research capabilities. New equipment and increased funding have supported larger projects, while improved data management systems have streamlined data handling and fostered greater collaboration with regional and international partners. The addition of a modern greenhouse and upgraded irrigation systems has improved water management and allowed for more controlled experiments. Expanded seed storage capacity now ensures the secure preservation of critical plant material for future research.
Automated data collection systems have reduced errors and increased efficiency, while standardized research procedures have improved the quality and reproducibility of results. Improved research documentation and targeted staff training programs have further enhanced research skills, enabling the team to produce more impactful results.
The newly constructed greenhouse facility enhances crop breeding and genetics research, enabling efficient off-season studies. (Photo: ZARI/Zambia)
Q: How has ZARI’s research capacity improved with the upgraded facilities and new equipment?
A: ZARI has undergone significant upgrades to improve its research capacity. The new greenhouse facility has improved crop breeding and genetics research, allowing for more efficient off-season research. Speed breeding, a technique that accelerates crop generation turnover by two to five times through controlled environmental conditions, has been a game changer. The greenhouse also enables controlled drought research, providing insights into the development of climate-resilient crops. The ZAMGRO project has increased ZARI’s water storage capacity from 45 m² to 3.6 million m², enabling year-round farming and improved water management. The subgrant also enabled the installation of solar power, addressing the electricity challenges caused by recent droughts. The move to Starlink internet connectivity has also improved ZARI’s online capabilities, providing reliable, uninterrupted internet access, even in remote research sites.
An aerial view of the installed solar panels, that has resolved electricity challenges and mitigating power outages. (Photo: ZARI/Zambia)
Q: Looking ahead, what are ZARI’s future plans? Are there any further upgrades or expansions planned for the future?
A: ZARI’s future plans focus on increasing its research impact through strategic partnerships and innovation. The institute aims to establish a center of excellence for climate-smart agriculture and develop a biotechnology laboratory to advance genetic improvement and crop resilience. Expanding greenhouse and irrigation systems and improving digital infrastructure for data management are also priorities. ZARI also plans to strengthen collaborations with international research institutions and pursue public-private partnerships to transfer technology from research to practical applications. In addition, ZARI is committed to human resource development through targeted training, fellowships, and mentorship programs to nurture future researchers.
Q: What steps is ZARI taking to ensure the long-term sustainability of the upgraded facilities and research programs?
A: ZARI has implemented a comprehensive plan to ensure the long-term sustainability of its upgraded facilities and research programs. Key areas include maintenance of facilities, continuation of research programs, capacity building, partnerships, and knowledge sharing. ZARI has secured funding from partners and donors, diversified its income streams, and developed sustainable research funding models. Staff training, mentoring programs, and collaboration with international experts are key to ensuring that the research team stays abreast of new technologies. Strategic partnerships with private sector companies, joint research initiatives, and technology transfer agreements have further strengthened ZARI’s research capabilities. Regular impact assessments and collaborations with universities, research institutes, and government agencies further strengthen ZARI’s research capabilities and ensure that programs remain relevant and impactful.
An aerial view of the water storage system during installation. This has increased the capacity to support year-round farming and improved water management. (Photo: ZARI/Zambia)
Q: In what ways can this facility upgrade serve as a model or inspiration for other NARES facilities in the region? Are there any best practices that ZARI would recommend for similar projects?
A: The ZARI facility upgrade serves as a model for other NARES institutions in several significant ways. First, it highlights the importance of strategic partnerships, demonstrating how collaboration with regional and international organizations can lead to meaningful progress. Second, it emphasizes capacity building, with a focus on investing in staff training and development to improve institutional performance.
There are also several inspirational aspects to ZARI’s transformation. It demonstrates the transformative impact that research modernization can have on NARES breeding programs and shows the potential for improving agricultural research capacity. In addition, the upgrade is highly regionally relevant, addressing pressing regional challenges.
Finally, ZARI’s best practices provide valuable lessons for other institutions. The irrigation upgrade is an outstanding example, tailored to address the unique challenges posed by climate change in the region.
Unboxing the Starlink hardware: Transitioning to Starlink ensures reliable and uninterrupted internet access, even in remote research sites. (Photo: ZARI/Zambia)
Q: What was ADCIN’s role in facilitating this strategic investment, and how does it fit into the broader vision of strengthening NARES institutions across Africa?
A: ADCIN plays a key role in supporting the development and modernization of NARES institutions across Africa. Its contributions can be seen in three key areas. First, ADCIN provides technical assistance by offering expertise in research infrastructure development. Second, it provides financial support by mobilizing the resources needed to upgrade facilities. Third, ADCIN provides strategic guidance, ensuring that investments are aligned with regional research priorities and agendas.
This support fits into the broader vision of strengthening NARES institutions across the continent. ADCIN’s efforts focus on improving research capacity through upgrading facilities and equipment, fostering collaboration by promoting regional and international partnerships, and improving research quality through stronger research management and governance. As a result of ADCIN’s support, NARES institutions such as ZARI have seen significant improvements. Research output and impact have increased, regional collaboration has been strengthened, and institutions now have better access to international funding. By supporting ZARI’s strategic investments, ADCIN reaffirms its commitment to strengthening NARES institutions and promoting excellence in agricultural research across Africa.
In May, CIMMYT, in collaboration with the local government, organized an Agriculture Fair in Janaki Rural Municipality, Kailali district, Nepal, introducing farmers to modern farming techniques and machinery. The event inspired farmers like Ramfal Badayak, chairman of Biz Briddhi Krishak Cooperative, to adopt advanced tools, leading his cooperative to purchase two plant cultivators that now save time and labor for all members. With over 40 stalls and more than 4,000 daily visitors, the fair also benefited local suppliers by enabling direct sales to farmers, reducing costs by eliminating middlemen. This transformative event exemplified the potential of such platforms to modernize agriculture and support local communities.
Biofortified corn crop in Colombia (Photo: CIMMYT)
CIMMYT, in collaboration with the Bioversity-CIAT Alliance and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Colombia, is contributing to the Sustainable Agri-Food Colombia project. This transformative initiative aims to reshape Colombia’s agricultural sector by fostering sustainable and resilient agri-food systems. Several research institutions are also part of this mission as strategic implementing partners.
The goal of Sustainable Agri-Food Colombia is to address the environmental and productionchallenges facing Colombian agriculture, while ensuring food security and sustainability. Through the implementation of innovative technologies, better agricultural practices and adaptation to climate change, it aims to improve the competitiveness of Colombian producers and reduce pressure on natural resources. In this sense, the project contributes to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially those related to climate action, life on earth and reducing inequalities.
CIMMYT is collaborating in this project to join efforts to strengthen farmers’ capacities, as Sustainable Agri-Food Colombia focuses not only on agricultural production, but on the entire agri-food system, seeking to build more inclusive and efficient value chains, from production to the consumer, emphasizing community participation and knowledge transfer in an inclusive manner, involving women, youth and marginalized rural communities in decision-making processes and technology adoption.
The collaboration between international CGIAR research centers, such as the Bioversity-CIAT Alliance and CIMMYT, together with key stakeholders in Colombia, demonstrates that the future of agriculture depends on an integrated vision that combines science, innovation and collaboration. This lays the foundation for transforming agriculture and food in Colombia for the benefit of people and the planet.
