CIMMYT’s work in Africa helps farmers access new maize and wheat systems-based technologies, information and markets, raising incomes and enhancing crop resilience to drought and climate change. CIMMYT sets priorities in consultation with ministries of agriculture, seed companies, farming communities and other stakeholders in the maize and wheat value chains. Our activities in Africa are wide ranging and include: breeding maize for drought tolerance and low-fertility soils, and for resistance to insect pests, foliar diseases and parasitic weeds; sustainably intensifying production in maize- and wheat-based systems; and investigating opportunities to reduce micronutrient and protein malnutrition among women and young children.
Zimbabwean farmers are facing severe crop losses due to the combined impacts of climate change, drought, and fall armyworm infestations, threatening food security and livelihoods. CIMMYT’s expertise in climate-smart agriculture is crucial in tackling these challenges, as highlighted by Dr. Christian Thierfelder, who emphasizes sustainable pest management strategies such as intercropping, regenerative farming, and biological control methods. These approaches not only reduce reliance on pesticides but also enhance resilience against climate-driven pest outbreaks. With maize yields at risk, integrating CIMMYT’s research-driven solutions can help smallholder farmers adapt, ensuring more sustainable and productive farming systems in Zimbabwe and across sub-Saharan Africa.
Farmers in Zaka with their recent harvest of drought tolerant maize (Photo: CIMMYT)
In Zimbabwe, CGIAR, through CIMMYT, runs a maize breeding program to strengthen food security and livelihoods in a country where maize is a staple crop. The program spans diverse testing plots – managed exclusively by men, women, or both – providing crucial insights into real-world farm dynamics. A significant component of our work is the extensive on-farm trials conducted across various regions, helping us understand how men and women farmers interact with and benefit from new maize varieties. Here are two ways we ensure that women-managed plots reap the same benefits as those led by men in Zimbabwe.
Increasing Women’s Representation in Crop Breeding Trials
This dichotomy highlights the importance of on-farm trials in the crop development process, as they provide insights into the diverse needs and realities of different farmer groups.
Zimbabwe’s maize breeding program has expanded on-farm trials significantly over the past few years, by over five-fold. However, women-managed plots are often underrepresented in participatory approaches. Research from Kenya also showed that trial participants are often wealthier and more educated, benefiting from stronger access to information and agricultural networks.
Training to Ensure Inclusive Farmer Representation
CGIAR and CIMMYT often rely on partners with direct connections to farming communities to select host farmers for breeding trials. Recognizing the risk of bias and underrepresentation of women farmers in this process, we designed a training program for extension officers to ensure a more representative selection of women farmers from different socioeconomic backgrounds in the country.
Without intentional representation, trial results may skew toward wealthier, male-managed farms – limiting their relevance for the broader farming population. In addition, in Zimbabwe, women-managed households are not a homogeneous group. Our research identified two distinct categories, each with unique challenges and needs. One group was wealthier in terms of agricultural assets and livestock, with a greater area under maize production. The second group of women-managed households was more resource-poor, with smaller livestock herds and greater use of intercropping within maize fields.
Using data from a survey of over 2,000 farmers, we worked to validate farmer selection processes, ensuring that women farmers were accurately represented. Today, this training is conducted annually and has become a key component of our program’s approach.
For too long, on-farm trials did not adequately reflect the diversity of farming realities. Through this gender-sensitive approach, we are now able to fine-tune recruitment methodologies to account for socioeconomic disparities. By ensuring that all groups are included in trials, we can develop and promote maize varieties that truly serve the diverse realities of Zimbabwean farming households.
Farmer in Murehwa District with her drought tolerant maize variety (Photo: Jill Cairns/CIMMYT
Incorporating Gender and Social Considerations into the Testing of Novel Genetic Technologies
In hybrid maize seed production, both male and female plants are planted side by side to facilitate controlled pollination. A critical step in this process is detasseling – the removal of male flowers (tassels) from the female plants to prevent self-pollination. If detasseling is not done correctly, the resulting seeds will not express hybrid vigor, ultimately affecting yield and performance.
This process presents two major challenges. Incomplete detasseling can result in hybrid purity issues that can lead production fields to either being rejected or farmers unknowingly paying for lower-quality seed that impacts productivity. Accidental leaf loss during the detasseling process also reduces female seed yields by approximately 14%.
To address these challenges, a Gates Foundation-funded project we implemented has explored ways to simplify the process of hybrid maize seed production by removing the need to detassel through a novel genetic technology. This technology also had a clear benefit for women farmers.
Why This Matters and How to Scale the Innovation
Although seed production involves multiple steps, this innovation has direct benefits, especially in resource-limited settings. Since only 50% of plants produce pollen, this approach optimizes yield—particularly under low-nitrogen conditions, where many smallholder farmers struggle. The technology is adaptable across different maize varieties, making it a scalable solution.
To validate this approach, we conducted station trials, followed by on-farm testing. These trials are helping us understand how both men and women farmers adopt and benefit from these varieties, particularly in drought-prone areas, where women are more likely to recycle seeds.
With the knowledge that in drought-prone years women were more likely to recycle hybrid seed, we refined our testing strategy to evaluate potential yield benefits if recycled. We found the technology provided a small, yet significant yield benefit should a farmer choose to recycle hybrid maize seed in an anticipated drought season.
Our approach provides insights into how gender and social inclusion considerations can be incorporated into breeding testing strategies. By evaluating variety performance across real-world farm conditions and gathering insights to refine and optimize future breeding efforts, new varieties will meet the needs of men and women farmers in Zimbabwe.
Conclusion
When promoting the adoption of new maize varieties and technologies, gender is one factor among many that shape adoption. Early- and late-stage on-farm trials are essential in bridging the gap between scientific innovation and real-world impact, ensuring that the varieties we develop are not only high-performing in research settings but also practical, accessible, and beneficial for all farmers.
To achieve this, a transdisciplinary approach is key. Integrating social scientists into breeding and development strategies provides deeper insights into how different farming groups interact with new technologies. By refining our selection process, testing, and deployment, we can ensure that both women- and men-managed farms benefit equitably, ultimately driving food security and better livelihoods.
Farmer Tariro from Gokwe South prepares maize for milling (Photo: CIMMYT)
Uganda’s Dr. Godfrey Asea of NaCRRI was recognized for developing over 20 maize varieties, including drought-tolerant hybrids that support food security. His work has earned multiple breeding and technology awards from CIMMYT, reflecting CIMMYT’s commitment to advancing climate-resilient maize in Africa. As Uganda’s Minister of Agriculture warns against counterfeit seeds, CIMMYT’s efforts in supporting national research institutions remain crucial in ensuring farmers have access to high-quality, stress-tolerant seeds.
Agriculture lies at the core of rural livelihoods, yet longstanding social inequities havestifled the potential of marginalized groups– particularly women and youth– to fully benefit. The CGIAR Agroecology Initiative (AE-I) recognizes gender and social inclusion as critical pillars in achieving sustainable agricultural transformation. By embedding these aspects within its framework, AE-I ensures that marginalized groups—especially women and youth—play a meaningful role in agroecology transitions.
Current realities on women and youth in agriculture
Women and youth are central to Zimbabwe’s agricultural economy, yet they remain underrepresented or excluded in decision-making processes and face barriers to accessing critical resources. Globally, women make up about 48% of the agricultural labor force in Sub-Saharan Africa (World Bank, 2024), yet they consistently face challenges in accessing land, credit, and markets. In Zimbabwe, these disparities are even more pronounced. In Mbire and Murehwa districts, rural economic activities, including agriculture, rely heavily on women and youth. Women make up approximately 70% of the agricultural labor force (UNDP, 2024) in these regions, but they often lack control over resources needed to enhance productivity and economic stability such as land, credit, and markets.
Agroecology Living Landscapes and Gender and Social Inclusion Matter
Embedding gender and social inclusion (GESI) into agroecology is not just a moral imperative but a foundational requirement for achieving lasting and transformative impact. Traditional top-down development approaches have often neglected marginalized groups’ unique needs and contributions, resulting in unsustainable outcomes. In contrast, the AE-I prioritizes inclusive and participatory processes, exemplified by its Agroecology Living Landscapes (ALLs), which serve as collaborative spaces where community members actively co-create locally relevant solutions.
Central to the CGIAR Agroecology Initiative (AE-I) is a commitment to “do no harm—say no harm,” ensuring that the inclusion of women, youth, and other marginalized groups is safe, meaningful, and impactful. Including marginalized groups can disrupt existing power structures and opportunity hierarchies, so it must be done with contextual sensitivity. Young and old women are provided equal opportunities to participate in and contribute to the co-creation of innovations. However, systemic barriers-such as limited agency or entrenched gender norms-continue to hinder meaningful engagement. To address these challenges, AE-I collaborates with key stakeholders, such as the Ministry of Women Affairs, Community, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MWACSMED), to advocate for gender mainstreaming. Concrete actions have included training programs, documentation of gender norms and their impacts, elevating women and youth role models, and ensuring equal participation in ALL activities. MWACSMED has evolved into a proactive stakeholder in this process. Initially a passive participant in ALL discussions, the ministry now plays a leadership role in addressing gender and social inclusion issues within the landscapes. This deliberate attention to GESI within ALLs has illuminated systemic barriers such as unequal access to resources, rigid cultural norms, and the exclusion of certain social groups.
Conversations with farmers during ALLs meetings (Photo: CIMMYT)
Agroecology recognizes that inclusion is not merely about representation but about fostering environments where meaningful transformation can happen. For instance, cultural norms often limit the participation of women and youth in mixed-group activities. To address this, the AE-I initiated monthly “dialogues with elders,” engaging traditional authorities and community leaders to reconcile cultural traditions with transformative gender and social inclusion goals. These dialogues have yielded positive shifts in such perspectives. As one elder participant noted, “We value inputs from women and acknowledge their critical role in our community.”
The transformative impacts of AE-I’s inclusive approach are increasingly visible. Across Murehwa and Mbire districts, Agroecology Living Landscapes (ALLs) are reshaping community dynamics by empowering previously marginalized groups, such as elderly women, to contribute to agricultural innovation. Within some of the activities of the Initiative, women and youth engagement is quite impressive, with over 60% of participants in seed fairs and field days. These figures highlight the significant potential for expanding women’s and youth’s opportunities to advance agroecological goals through gender- and youth-focused interventions. It also demonstrates their eagerness to engage in knowledge-sharing opportunities. Such initiatives improve livelihoods and build women’s and youths’ agency as active contributors to agricultural innovations.
Inclusivity within ALLs is further is reinforced by low barriers to entry, emphasizing a willingness to learn and transform their crop and livestock production rather than asset ownership. This approach has expanded participation among resource-poor farmers, breaking down traditional exclusionary practices brought by other Donor programs.
As one farmer remarked, “In the past, only those with cattle or fenced homesteads could join such programs on transformative change. Now, even those of us without such assets can participate.”
Such practices have strengthened the confidence of marginalized farmers, enabling them to navigate complex production dynamics collectively.
Building Economic Independence and Transforming Food Systems
The AE-I’s focus on inclusive value chains has begun to yield tangible economic benefits. In Mbire and Murehwa, women are transitioning from subsistence farming to economic independence by engaging in agroecological business models. For example, Sasso poultry farming has become a viable income-generating activity, allowing women to reinvest in their farm-level activities. Youth are also leveraging their involvement in agriculture to build assets, diversify income and nutritional sources, and secure a more stable future.
A critical challenge remains exploitative market dynamics that limit farmers profitability. Farmers have raised concerns about the informal urban markets, where asymmetric power dynamics and a lack of competitive pricing mechanisms enable buyers to dictate unfavorable prices. Middlemen in the poultry markets suppress prices by 40%, while unstructured sorghum buyers pay 20–30% below market rates, eroding farmers’ profitability.
Addressing these bottlenecks through cooperative-led marketing, digital trading platforms (e.g., Hamara App), and guaranteed off-take agreements ensures equitable economic participation and a resilient food system.
Drudgery and Women in Agri-Food Systems
The transition to agroecology offers both opportunities and challenges, particularly for women, who bear the brunt of agricultural labor. In many rural communities, women are responsible for labor-intensive activities, including land preparation, weeding, and post-harvest handling.
While agroecological practices promote sustainability and resilience, some approaches—such as conservation agriculture—can initially increase women’s workload, exacerbating drudgery and limiting their time for other economic or social activities.
To ensure that agroecology transitions are both equitable and scalable, it is essential to integrate appropriate-scale mechanization that reduces labor burdens while maintaining ecological integrity. By embedding gender-responsive technologies into agroecological systems, AE-I can foster inclusive, productive and sustainable farming solutions.
Women in Murehwa receiving training on how to use the basin digger (Photo: CIMMYT)
To address this, the Initiative has facilitated the adoption of labor-saving technologies, improving access to mechanized solutions that ease women’s workload. In Mbire and Murehwa districts, 43 out of 95 women farmers now have access to basin diggers, significantly reducing the effort required to establish planting basins in conservation agriculture. Additionally, four multigrain threshers have been introduced in each district, enabling women to process small grain cereals more efficiently, cutting down the time spent on post-harvest handling.
These innovations not only alleviate physical strain but also increase productivity, allowing women to participate in value-added activities and play a greater role in decision-making processes within the food system.
By prioritizing appropriate-scale mechanization, the AE-I ensures that agroecology transitions foster inclusivity, sustainability, and economic empowerment for women farmers.
Wrap up
The CGIAR Agroecology Initiative’s work in Mbire and Murehwa provides a step forward for centering gender and social inclusion into agricultural development. Through participatory methods, inclusive partnerships, and a focus on actor agency and opportunity for behavior change, the Initiative has redefined what it means to build sustainable and equitable food systems. For donors, partners, and other stakeholders, the AE-I offers a compelling case for investing in inclusive approaches that transform agriculture and uplift entire communities. As agroecology continues to evolve, centering gender and social inclusion will remain vital for achieving sustainable, impactful outcomes.
In Nigeria’s drylands, a seed revolution is transforming the landscape, bringing hope and prosperity to farmers in even the most remote communities. Through the innovative Farm and Community-Managed Seed System (FCMSS) approach, farmers, women’s groups, and seed entrepreneurs are gaining access to high-quality sorghum seed, driving agricultural transformation in underserved regions.
Championed by the Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) and the Dryland Crops Program through the AVISA project led by CIMMYT, this initiative bridges the gap between traditional and formal seed systems, delivering life-changing solutions to last-mile farmers and enhancing rural livelihoods across the country.
Empowering communities through innovation
The FCMSS approach combines community-driven strategies with institutional support to ensure improved seed availability, accessibility, and adoption. The impact has been profound, with three newly released sorghum varieties—SAMSORG 52, SAMSORG 52, and SAMSORG 53—transforming the agricultural landscape. These varieties are being produced locally, ensuring that farmers in nearby communities have access to seeds tailored to their needs.
Farmers achieve record yields
For farmers like Abdullahi Danliti Dawanau, the FCMSS approach has been life changing. Cultivating SAMSORG 52, Dawanau achieved an impressive 4 tons per hectare—the best yield of his farming career.
“This is the best yield I’ve achieved in all my years of farming,” he shared, highlighting the transformative potential of the new sorghum varieties.
His farm, located near the Dawanau International Grain Market in Kano State, has become a demonstration site, inspiring fellow farmers and drawing admiration for the high yield and quality of the variety. Many even mistake it for an imported hybrid, underscoring its quality and productivity.
Women are leading the production and distribution of new sorghum varieties across several states in Nigeria. (Photo: Muhammad Ahmad Yahaya/IAR )
Women farmers leading the way
Women are emerging as key drivers of this agricultural revolution. The Yakasai Women Farmers Group in Kano State, led by Rabi Yakasai, is spearheading efforts to produce and distribute the new sorghum varieties. Their success has led to an overwhelming demand for the seeds in states such as Kano, Jigawa, Gombe, Bauchi, and Yobe, as well as in neighboring Niger Republic.
“These varieties fit perfectly into our farming systems,” said Mrs. Yakasai, emphasizing how they cater to local agricultural needs. SAMSORG 52, for instance, is an early-maturing and short-statured variety that aligns well with relay cropping systems, particularly when intercropped with cowpea. Similarly, SAMSORG 52 and SAMSORG 53 are medium-maturing varieties suitable for intercropping with millet and maize. These varieties provide tailored solutions to enhance productivity and sustainability for farmers in the region.
Following their participation in TRICOT on-farm trials, the group is working to meet increasing demand across multiple states.
“We need support to scale up seed production and meet these orders,” added Mrs. Yakasai.
Government and industry support success
The success of the FCMSS approach has garnered support from state governments and private sector stakeholders. During the 2nd National Sorghum Conference, held in Gombe State on December 4-5, 2024, the Gombe State Commissioner for Agriculture reaffirmed the state’s commitment to adopting climate-smart, early maturing sorghum varieties.
Private companies are also getting involved. GreenPal Global Limited, a prominent seed company, is stepping up its efforts to meet growing demand. Following successful trials of the new varieties, the company plans to scale up the production of certified seed by 2025. Similarly, Northern Nigeria Flour Mill, the country’s largest sorghum processor, is working with farmer associations such as SOFAN and NASPPAM to source quality sorghum for its flagship product, Golden Penny Dawavita—a key ingredient in staple foods such as Tuwo (a dish made from sorghum or millet flour, cooked into a thick, smooth paste or dough-like consistency) and Dumame (a dish made from fermented sorghum or millet flour, often cooked into a thick porridge).
Locally produced grains of the new sorghum variety, ensuring farmers in nearby communities have access to seeds tailored to their needs. (Photo: Muhammad Ahmad Yahaya/IAR )
Ensuring quality and certification
The National Agricultural Seed Council (NASC) is actively supporting the initiative by training seed entrepreneurs and monitoring seed production to ensure quality standards. During a Brown Field Day in Bagadawa community, Kano State, NASC commended the progress made under the FCMSS and the active involvement of farmers and women’s groups.
“The progress of the FCMSS and the active participation of farmers and women’s groups are truly commendable,” said the North-West Regional Director of NASC.
A brighter future for the drylands of Nigeria
The FCMSS approach is more than a seed production system—it is a movement transforming the lives of farmers and communities. By building a resilient seed system, empowering local communities, and driving economic growth, the initiative is ensuring food security and prosperity in Nigeria’s drylands. With growing momentum, the future is bright for farmers, processors, and entrepreneurs, signaling a new era of agricultural success.
CIMMYT has strengthened agricultural research and breeding programs in Zimbabwe by donating machinery to Gwebi College of Agriculture to modernize breeding efforts and enhance genetic gains. This support equips breeding stations with advanced tools, reduces field labor, and expands research opportunities, including for women in technical roles. By fostering research partnerships and developing high-yield, climate-resilient maize varieties, CIMMYT is driving innovation to combat pests, diseases, and climate challenges, ultimately improving smallholder farmers’ productivity and supporting Zimbabwe’s goal of increasing maize yields.
“Five of us borrowed $100 from our Vikoba group and invested it in seed production. Not only did we repay the loan with interest, but we also made a profit,” says Skola Sichalwe, a member of an extraordinary group of women who are transforming their community in Ivuna Village, Momba District. Vikoba groups, grassroots savings and credit associations, operate as informal microfinance systems in rural communities, empowering members with access to small loans and promoting financial independence. These groups often provide a lifeline for women seeking financial stability and growth in rural areas. What began as small savings groups has blossomed into a powerful movement of women breaking barriers and creating a legacy of resilience, innovation, and success. These women—once skeptical about venturing into seed production—are now thriving entrepreneurs, producing quality sorghum seeds and inspiring others in their community to follow their lead. Their journey began with a chance encounter with Miss Zainab Hussein, a passionate seed producer and a youth champion. Her vision and mentorship planted the first seeds of change. “I used to think farming was just about survival,” says Pauline Martin. “But Zainab showed us that with the right knowledge and tools, farming can be a business; a way to change our lives.”
A leap of faith in seed production
Before venturing into the world of seed production, these women were members of Vikoba groups, pooling their savings to lend and borrow money. While this system was helpful for meeting immediate financial needs, it offered little opportunity for growth or long-term investment. Everything changed when Zainab Hussein, an experienced seed producer and youth champion, began attending their meetings. Zainab introduced the group to the potential of improved seeds and the opportunities in seed production. She explained how adopting high-quality sorghum seeds could significantly increase yields and profits, far exceeding the returns from what traditional grain farming could offer. Her visits became a game changer, sparking curiosity and inspiring action among the women. “Zainab’s dedication inspired us,” says Skola Sichalwe. “She didn’t just train us. She believed in us.” As a trainer, mentor, and role model, Zainab played a central role in their transformation. She guided the women through the complexities of seed production, teaching them essential planting techniques, helping them understand TOSCI regulations, and offering practical solutions to challenges they encountered along the way. “She showed us how seed production could not only improve yields but also become a profitable business,” recalls Pauline Martin.
Zainab Hussein, a passionate seed producer and mentor whose guidance and leadership inspired the women to venture into successful seed production and transform their lives. (Photo: CBCC)
Inspired by Zainab’s success, the women saw an opportunity to turn their savings into a sustainable investment. This journey was further supported by the establishment of Youth and Women Quality Centers (YWQCs) under the Center for Behavior Change Communication (CBCC) and the Accelerated Varietal Improvement and Seed Systems in Africa (AVISA)project through CIMMYT. The AVISA project, led by CIMMYT, piloted the YWQC model to address key challenges faced by rural farmers, including limited access to quality seeds, market linkages, and knowledge on improved farming practices. These community-led centers serve as hubs that enhance last-mile seed access by working with seed companies and local producers, ensuring a consistent supply of quality seed. They also facilitate market linkages by connecting farmers with aggregators and off-takers, improving market access and profitability. Additionally, YWQCs provide capacity-building initiatives, equipping youth and women with training in farming practices, local seed production, and business skills. The model further promotes collective action by encouraging farmers to form associations, strengthening their bargaining power and collective marketing efforts. These centers became hubs of opportunity, providing essential infrastructure and resources such as access to certified seeds, extensive training, and advanced farming technologies such as the multi-crop thresher through a cost-sharing arrangement. This technology not only improved efficiency but also ensured the quality of processed seeds, increasing its market value. The project also facilitated crucial linkages between the women and certified seed producers, ensuring they had access to high-quality inputs for their production. In some cases, the project even helped them find markets for their seeds, closing the loop and creating a sustainable business model. And so, they began the journey of seed production, transforming not only their own lives but also their community.
The women’s group plants sorghum using proper spacing techniques, a transformative practice essential for certified seed production, which they adopted after training by CBCC and mentorship from Zainab. (Photo: CBCC)
With loans from their Vikoba groups, they purchased quality seeds and accessed the tools, training, and market linkages provided by the YWQCs. “For years, we saved money but didn’t know what to invest in,” says Halima Kajela. “Seed production gave us a clear opportunity to grow.”
Challenges: A Test of Determination
The journey wasn’t without hurdles. Rodents feasted on the carefully spaced sorghum seeds, a new planting method the women had to adopt for certification. “Broadcasting seeds was easier, but seed production required precise planting and spacing,” Halima explains. “This made it harder to protect the seeds from pests and animals.” Excessive rain washed away seedlings, requiring several rounds of replanting. Cattle from neighboring farms often invaded their fields, causing further damage. Adopting good agronomic practices such as proper spacing, timely weeding, and regular inspections was initially difficult for these women, who were unaccustomed to the disciplined approach required in seed production. Despite these setbacks, the women persevered. With Zainab’s guidance and support from the YWQCs, they implemented solutions like using seed planters which saved time and effort during planting, knapsack sprayers helped combat pests and diseases, and multi-crop threshers simplified the post-harvest process. All these tools saved time and improved efficiency.
Triumph in the fields
And their hard work paid off. In their very first season, the women achieved remarkable success, producing three tons of TARISOR 2, an improved sorghum variety. This achievement not only set them apart from other first-time producers in the district, but also marked the beginning of a transformative journey.
Before the arrival of multi-crop thresher, the women relied on traditional methods to thresh sorghum. Their dedication laid the foundation for their transformation into successful seed producers. (Photo: CBCC)
The impact of their efforts went far beyond the impressive harvest. Ten women became officially registered seed producers with the Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute (TOSCI), gaining recognition and credibility in the seed production business. Two members received specialized training in seed and fertilizer dealership, equipping them to expand their services and outreach to the community. Four women ventured into distributing essential agricultural inputs, such as maize seeds and hermetic bags, further diversifying their income streams and supporting local farmers. Recognizing the need for efficient post-harvest processing, the group collectively contributed to the purchase of a multi-crop thresher. This crucial investment significantly streamlined their operations, reducing labor and ensuring higher-quality processed seeds. Their efforts quickly translated into financial rewards. Within a short time, they sold one ton of their high-quality seeds, earning over $700. As word of their success spread, demand for their seeds continued to grow, promising even greater opportunities in the seasons ahead.
A ripple effect of change
Their success has had a profound effect on their community. The women’s achievements have earned them respect, and their influence is inspiring others to follow in their footsteps. “Before this, I didn’t believe in seed production,” says Pauline. “But after seeing Zainab’s success and what we achieved, even my husband now supports me fully in this venture.” Their impact extends beyond their fields. Other Vikoba groups have invited them to share their knowledge on seed production, and 10 new women have expressed interest in joining the initiative. By making improved sorghum varieties more accessible, they’ve also helped increase production and reduce food insecurity in their village.
Looking ahead: Planting seeds for the future
Inspired by their success, the women have ambitious plans. With a clear vision for the future, they are determined to expand their seed production enterprise and bring its benefits to a wider community. One of their primary goals is to extend their production to neighboring wards, such as Mkomba. To make their knowledge and improved seed varieties more accessible, they plan to establish demonstration plots closer to the village center. These plots will serve as practical learning sites, allowing more farmers to experience the advantages of using certified seeds and adopting best practices. “The demand for quality seeds is growing,” says Halima Kajela, one of the group members. “We’re committed to meeting that demand and helping more farmers improve their yields.” They are also exploring ways to diversify their operations. They aim to invest in distributing other agricultural inputs and post-harvest services such as threshing, to support farmers in the community and generate additional income. For these women, seed production isn’t just a business—it’s a symbol of empowerment.
For Malawian farmers Monica Levison and Liden Mbengo, the 2023-24 cropping season posed distinct challenges compared to prior years. Like many of their fellow smallholders, they grappled with the El Niño-induced drought, which severely impacted agricultural production across Southern Africa.
A smallholder farmer in Malawi, proudly showcases the high-quality bean seeds he harvested after adopting AID-I’s climate-smart farming techniques. (Photos: CIAT and CIMMYT)
Connecting Farmers to Innovative Tools and Information
At the core of AID-I’s approach lies the delivery of innovative advisory services and proven agricultural technologies—strategies that have transformed the lives of farmers like Monica and Liden.
The AID-I project is transforming agriculture in targeted regions of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia.
By providing smallholder farmers with critical information and innovative solutions, AID-I empowers them to enhance food production. The project focuses on strengthening legume and maize seed systems to enhance the availability and access to multi-stress-tolerant and nutritious crops. It also emphasizes delivering agricultural advisories to the last mile and improving soil health and fertilizer efficiency. These efforts are compounded withextensive training conducted by the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT through the Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA).
Seed Multiplication: A Key Entry Point for AID-I in Malawi
In Malawi, seed multiplication is a critical entry point for AID-I interventions. This approach ensures that farmers have access to high-quality, locally adapted seeds, reinforcing seed systems while supporting food security and resilience among smallholders. Through a network of demonstration plots, the initiative introduced high-demand bean varieties while showcasing modern agronomic practices, including proper planting techniques, precise fertilizer application, and effective pest and disease control strategies. These hands-on demonstrations equipped Malawian farmers with practical and sustainable methods to optimize bean cultivation, even during challenging conditions.
Monica’s Journey: From Small Harvests to Realizing Her Dreams
In Thambolagwa village, Monica had spent more than two decades growing beans only for her family’s consumption. After attending AID-I’s bean production training and receiving 2 kilograms (kg) of NUA35 seed from the demonstrations, she harvested 25 kg, significantly increasing her yield.
Building on this success, Monica planted the harvested seeds on one acre of land during the 2023-24 growing season and harvested 15 bags, each weighing 50 kg. She then sold part of her produce to Milele Agro Processing, earning over US$577.
“The training was incredibly valuable,” she said. “I’m looking forward to the 2024-25 season, during which I plan to expand my business by cultivating two acres of land. With the profits, I aim to make future investments in farming and save money to build a modern house for my family.”
AID-I Demonstrates the Power of Knowledge Through Mbengo’s Transformation
Liden, from Kang’oma Village, spent years planting four bean seeds in a single hole, unaware that this practice limited his agricultural potential. AID-I’s training introduced him to effective agronomic practices such as planting techniques, crop rotation, soil fertility improvement, and pest management as guided by PABRA.
“Following these guidelines, I harvested 15 kg of VTTT 924/4-4 and 18 kg of NUA35 from just half a kilogram of seed. In the previous year, I harvested only 3 kg after planting the same number of seeds and then nearly gave up on bean farming. The knowledge I have gained is priceless. It has reinforced my interest in bean farming and will stay with me forever,” said Mbengo.
Liden Mbengo, a farmer from Kang’oma Village, displays his impressive bean harvest, demonstrating the impact of AID-I training on improving yields and resilience.
A New Era for Malawian Bean Farmers
For extension workers such as Chrissy Minjale in Ntcheu district, the AID-I program has been transformative.
“The trainings were eye-opening for both us and the farmers,” she said. “Smallholder bean farmers in Malawi are likely to experience a significant increase in bean seed and grain production in the long run.”
Farmers and extension workers, inspect newly planted bean crops during a field visit, highlighting the hands-on learning provided by AID-I advisory services.
Field Learning and Adoption of Climate-Smart Practices
The program’s emphasis on linking farmers to off-takers, understanding climatic conditions, and adopting modern agronomic practices has sparked interest in bean farming across Malawi. As Yohane Nkhoma, a field extension officer in Ntchisi, observed:
“We now understand the importance of timing the first rains for beans and other crops. I’m committed to sharing this knowledge with hundreds of farmers in my area and helping them pay closer attention to the climatic conditions crucial for bean production. The results we have witnessed will encourage more farmers to engage in bean cultivation as a serious business.”
Scaling Impact: Training Thousands of Farmers
With over 11,007 farmers trained, 6,786 of whom are women, AID-I is not only improving yields but also empowering communities, building resilience, and igniting a wave of agricultural innovation.
The ripple effect of these interventions is clear. Beyond feeding their families, smallholder farmers are also paving the way for a more secure and sustainable future.
These individuals are more than beneficiaries. They are change agents whose successes inspire their communities and beyond.
As AID-I continues to amplify its impact, it is reshaping the trajectory of smallholder farming in Malawi and setting a precedent for resilience and food security across the region.
The future of farming here is thriving, innovative, and full of promise—as illustrated by Monica, Mbengo, and many more.
A group photo of the panelists after the discussion on sustainable seed delivery systems at the STAK Congress & Expo 2024 (Photo: Marion Aluoch/CIMMYT)
Kenyan farmers continue to face significant challenges in accessing quality seed, particularly for dryland crops. To address this, Kenya introduced the Standard Certified Seed (SCS) class as a strategic initiative to bridge the gap between fully certified seed and informal farmer-saved seed, as semi-formal seed classes such as quality-declared seed are not legally recognized.
Officially launched in 2020, the SCS class offers a unique opportunity and has the potential to transform the seed sector for open-pollinated and vegetatively propagated crops, including indigenous vegetables, by ensuring quality while making seed production and certification more accessible and affordable. During a recent panel discussion, Lilian Gichuru, Seed Systems Specialist for Eastern and Southern Africa for the Dryland Crops Program at CIMMYT, highlighted its importance. She asked a critical question: “How can we leverage the opportunity presented by standard seed to ensure the delivery of quality seed to farmers, especially in underserved areas?”
This was the focus of a session on sustainable seed delivery systems at the Seed Trade Association of Kenya (STAK) Congress & Expo, held in Nairobi on November 6 and 7, 2024. Themed “Leveraging Technologies That Strengthen Agricultural Resilience and Climate-Smart Seed Systems,” the event served as a platform for knowledge-sharing, collaboration, and innovation. CIMMYT participated as one of the sponsors of the Congress.
To set the stage for the panel discussion, Ephraim Wachira, Deputy Director for Seed Certification at the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS), provided an overview of the SCS and highlighted Kenya’s efforts to implement its certification process. He described initiatives such as awareness meetings for seed merchants, training programs for outgrowers on certification processes, seed production and agronomic practices, and field inspections to ensure quality compliance. KEPHIS conducted field inspections, sampling, and laboratory testing to ensure quality compliance for 106 metric tons of seed—including sorghum, green gram, and cowpea—during a pilot phase, with a portion of the seed certified and labeled.
Despite these achievements, challenges persist. Limited farmer knowledge, dispersed farms, high production costs, and the impacts of climate change—such as the need for irrigation solutions—continue to pose obstacles. Slow adoption by mainstream seed companies and technical difficulties with online certification systems also hinder progress. However, opportunities lie in increased funding for climate-smart crops, government support for dryland agriculture, and growing farmer awareness. Wachira emphasized the importance of stakeholder engagement, saying, “Collaboration and stakeholder engagement are critical to ensuring farmers access high-quality seeds and advancing Kenya’s food security goals.”
The panel discussion provided valuable insights from Ephraim Wachira, Mutheu Ngila of Dryland Seeds, Thomas Kariuki, Head of Seed Production at Simlaw Seed, and Mulemia Maina, Managing Director of Agri Experience. Lilian Gichuru moderated the session and guided the conversation as the panel unpacked the concept of standard seed and evaluated its impact and progress.
Panelists emphasized that the standard certified seed class relaxes certain certification requirements, such as reducing the number of field inspections, lowering isolation distances, and adjusting allowable off-types. This adjustment is made without compromising essential quality standards, including disease tolerance limits, which are largely unaffected by the standard seed class protocols. The standard seed class remains a certified seed class.
“The concept of standard seed came from the realization that many farmers rely on farm-saved seed, which is often of unknown quality,” said Wachira. “Standard seed provides an option that improves seed quality while making production and certification of these important crops more practical and affordable.”
Despite its potential, the adoption of SCS faces significant challenges. One key issue is the high cost of production. “Production costs remain high, limiting the price advantage of standard seed. Seed companies often need to operate across multiple locations to meet certification standards, which drives up costs,” explained Mutheu Ngila of Dryland Seeds.
Another issue is low farmer awareness of the availability of certified standard seed for dryland crops—this lack of awareness has slowed adoption. “Farmers need to know that standard seed is a better option than farmer-saved seed in terms of quality,” said Gichuru. Without sufficient awareness, farmers continue to rely on informal systems, which are often less reliable and can introduce disease.
Logistics are another major challenge. Wachira noted, “Many standard growers register plots of less than one acre in scattered locations, making efficient inspections difficult. The small and dispersed production areas drive up costs and complicate the inspection process.” However, this challenge creates an opportunity for private inspection services to serve these remote plots.
The limited commitment of seed companies to this class of seeds remains an obstacle. Many companies have hesitated to invest in standard certified seed production due to concerns about profitability and the need for clearer differentiation in price and quality.
The panelists outlined several solutions to overcome these challenges and identified opportunities to scale standard certified seed.
One promising strategy is community-based production and certification. Mulemia Maina of Agri Experience emphasized the importance of localizing seed production. “Localizing seed production can save farmers significant costs. Transporting seed from distant regions is expensive, but if farmers can access seed locally, it becomes much more affordable.” In addition, localizing field inspections could lower costs and increase efficiency. “KEPHIS is ready to train more private community inspectors and district inspectors to manage this category of seed,” Wachira explained. This model could enable private companies to engage more farmers and improve the efficiency of certification.
Another opportunity is the growing emphasis on climate-resilient crops. Donors and government initiatives are increasingly prioritizing crops such as sorghum, millet, and pigeon pea that thrive in dryland conditions. These efforts align with the goal of scaling up the production of standard seed.
Raising awareness among farmers about the benefits of standard seed is critical to encouraging adoption. Thomas Kariuki, Head of Seed Production at Simlaw Seed, noted that creating more capacity-building programs for farmers would help them understand their role and expectations in seed multiplication. “We also need to engage consumers to understand the quality and value of standard seed to protect market potential,” he added.
To successfully scale up standard certified seed, all stakeholders—government, private sector, and donors—must work together to address challenges and leverage opportunities.
The private sector plays a critical role in driving adoption. Kariuki stressed the importance of incentivizing seed companies to engage in the production of standard seed. “Balancing affordability, accessibility, and quality is critical,” he said. “This is how we ensure farmers benefit while seed companies remain viable.”
Capacity building is essential to train seed companies, inspectors, and farmers on the production, certification, and benefits of this class of seed. In addition, regulatory adjustments should be made to facilitate the certification process. For example, the introduction of specialized inspectors for field inspections could eliminate the need for companies to use KEPHIS inspectors.
Developing markets for dryland crops is also vital to stimulate demand and encourage seed production. Finally, promoting collaboration among stakeholders will ensure the alignment of policies and resources.
Kenya is a world leader in standard seed certification, having developed robust protocols and standards that ensure quality without imposing prohibitive costs. Other countries are exploring similar models, but Kenya’s success could serve as a blueprint for others in Africa.
Lilian Gichuru, Seed Systems Specialist at CIMMYT, introducing the topic of sustainable seed delivery systems and presenting the panelists at the STAK Congress (Photo: Marion Aluoch/CIMMYT)
As Gichuru reflected, “Standard seed represents an opportunity to transform Kenya’s seed sector. But it will take collective effort, patience, and continued investment in awareness and capacity building to realize its full potential.”
Mutheu echoed this sentiment, emphasizing the importance of balancing quality, affordability, and accessibility: “Balancing affordability, accessibility, and quality is critical. This is how we ensure that farmers benefit while seed companies remain viable.”
As Wachira concluded, “Standard certified seed is about giving farmers a better option—one that is affordable, accessible, and of high quality. Let’s bring these benefits to the farmers who need them most.”
A handful of azolla (Photo: Telma Sibanda, CIMMYT)
Often referred to as “green gold,” Azolla is a small, free-floating and fast-growing aquatic fern with immense potential in driving towards agriculture sustainability. Thriving in waterlogged environments, this hardy plant forms a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, making it a natural fertilizer for crops like rice. Rich in protein, Azolla is also an affordable, eco-friendly feed for livestock and fish, reducing reliance on commercial alternatives. Its rapid growth and carbon sequestration capabilities contribute to climate resilience and resource efficiency. The water in the pond is enriched with nitrogen and can be used to irrigate plants/crops, increasing its value to farmers. Farmers in low-income regions are embracing Azolla as a game-changer, unlocking opportunities to boost productivity, improve soil health, and transition toward more sustainable farming practices.
Recognizing Azolla’s potential, the CGIAR-funded Transformational Agroecology across Food, Land, and Water Systems Initiative, also known as the Agroecology Initiative (AEI) in Zimbabwe, is integrating it into agroecological approaches in Murehwa. This initiative, which operates through five work packages (WPs), is reimagining farming systems by combining innovative business models (WP3) with agroecological technologies (WP1).
Chicken fowl run in Murehwa, (Photo: Loveness Mudarikwa, CIMMYT)
In one of the districts in Murehwa, AEI Zimbabwe selected poultry business model working in collaboration with Hamara Chicks, focusing on resilient and dual-purpose Sasso chickens. Known for their resistance and ability to free-range, these chickens provide both meat and eggs, offering farmers diversified income streams. Hamara Chicks implemented a two-stage model: first the brooding stage, where farmers raise chicks up to four weeks old and then sell them to other farmers who raise them from juveniles to maturity. While promising, the first cycle faced challenges, including a lack of affordable, nutritious feed, and difficulties in securing a market post-brooding and after maturity. To address these issues, WP1 and WP3 identified Azolla as a potential supplemental or alternative feed to support the poultry business model.
The dilemma of Azolla: Two sides of the coin
Azolla farming offers a compelling mix of benefits for sustainable agriculture. Environmentally friendly and resource-efficient, Azolla farming requires minimal land, water, and inputs, making it particularly suitable for small-scale farmers seeking cost-effective solutions. Its rapid growth is one of its standout attributes; under optimal conditions, Azolla can double its biomass in just 3-5 days. This rapid growth allows farmers to produce significant quantities of forage with limited investment, significantly reducing feed costs and increasing overall profitability. Its ability to be harvested daily ensures a consistent and reliable feed supply.
Nutritionally, Azolla is a powerhouse. With a protein content of 25-30% (dry weight), it is packed with essential amino acids, vitamins such as A, B12, and beta-carotene, and essential minerals. When incorporated into livestock and poultry diets, Azolla contributes to improved health, faster growth rates, and better production results. For smallholder poultry farmers, these benefits translate into tangible gains in meat and egg production, providing a pathway to higher incomes. Moreover, Azolla’s agricultural utility extends beyond animal feed. Its nitrogen-fixing capability enriches soil fertility, reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers and supporting sustainable crop production systems.
However, as promising as Azolla is, its cultivation is not without challenges. Water availability is a critical requirement, posing a potential barrier in regions with limited water resources. In Murehwa, Zimbabwe, where the CGIAR-funded Transformational Agroecology Initiative is promoting Azolla, horticulture farmers already have access to reliable water sources, alleviating this concern.
Another challenge is the maintenance of Azolla ponds. To thrive, Azolla requires well-managed conditions, including optimal pH levels and nutrient balance. Poorly maintained ponds can compromise growth and productivity. Recognizing this, farmers participating in the initiative have received extensive hands-on training to effectively manage and sustain these conditions effectively, ensuring that Azolla remains a viable and productive resource.
Empowering farmers through training and capacity building
The initiative partnered with KDV Consultancy to train 70 farmers, including 40 women in Murehwa, equipping them with essential skills for Azolla cultivation. The training sessions focused on pond construction, maintenance, and integration of Azolla into poultry feeding systems. This hands-on approach ensures that farmers can sustainably enhance their poultry value chains.
Training in progress in Murewa (Photo: Dorcas Matangi/CIMMYT)Training in progress in Murewa (Photo: Dorcas Matangi/CIMMYT)Training in progress in Murewa (Photo: Dorcas Matangi/CIMMYT)Training in progress in Murewa (Photo: Dorcas Matangi/CIMMYT)
By co-designing solutions with farmers, the initiative prioritizes their needs and challenges, and promotes practical, farmer-driven outcomes. Empowering farmers with the knowledge and tools to implement sustainable practices not only strengthens their resilience but also enhances the long-term sustainability of poultry production in Murehwa. This collaborative effort is laying the groundwork for a more robust and adaptive agricultural future.
The integration of Azolla farming represents a promising step towards achieving a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system in Murehwa. By addressing the feed challenges faced by poultry farmers, Azolla not only enhances poultry production but also contributes to the broader goals of food security and economic stability in the region. As the Transformational Agroecology across Food, Land, and Water Systems project progresses, the positive impacts of innovative practices like Azolla farming continue to support the well-being and livelihoods of farmers in Murehwa.
This image illustrates one of the SCASI’s practices – mulching – in the Wolaita Zone. Mulching is key to improving soil health, conserving moisture and increasing crop productivity in sustainable agriculture (Photo: CIMMYT)
Ethiopia faces increasing challenges from climate change, including erratic rainfall, soil erosion and longer dry seasons. With a rapidly growing population of more than 120 million, the country’s agricultural systems and natural resources are under considerable pressure. To address these challenges, the Scaling Conservation Agriculture-based Sustainable Intensification (SCASI) project, launched in March 2022 and implemented by CIMMYT and CFGB networks with the financial support from the Development Fund of Norway, offers a promising solution. SCASI integrates Conservation Agriculture-based Sustainable Intensification (CASI) practices to improve productivity while conserving natural resources.
The SCASI initiative is an exemplary model of how holistic agricultural approaches can enhance crop productivity, improve soil health, and build resilience to climate change in Ethiopia. Here’s an overview of the project’s key components and impacts.
Key components of CASI
CASI is a comprehensive production system in which conservation agriculture (minimum tillage, covering the soil surface with mulch and use of cereals and legumes in the form of intercropping or crop rotation) is combined with improved seeds, application of recommended organic and inorganic fertilizers, use of best management practices (recommended seed rate, timely weeding, proactive pest management, etc.) to increase productivity per unit area while improving the health of the production environment (soil, climate, fauna and flora and biodiversity). CASI also includes practices that help optimize the mixed crop-livestock systems by reducing the competition for crop residues through the promotion of alternative fodder crops, alley cropping, agroforestry and other locally adapted innovations.
Implementation across Ethiopia
Targeted Regions: The initiative was implemented in eight districts in the Amhara, Oromia, Benishangul-Gumuz, and South Ethiopia regions, each with unique agricultural contexts.
Direct Impact: Approximately 15,000 households (more than 75,000 smallholder farmers) have directly benefited, been capacitated, and gained access to sustainable practices that improved their productivity and livelihoods.
Partnership: Creates a unique partnership between national institutions, international organizations, and NGOs to support and strengthen national capacity to demonstrate and scale up CASI practices. Implements a collaborative and inclusive process in which partners contribute based on their expertise, capacity, and thematic focus.
How do we implement SCASI?
This is a well-managed plot in Baro village, Ura district, illustrates the key components of the SCASI project in Benishangul Gumuz. The effective implementation of sustainable agricultural practices is evident, reflecting the positive impact on productivity, diversification and soil health (Photo: CIMMYT)
The SCASI project uses an approach that integrates collaborative partnerships, with CIMMYT leading action research, the Ministry of Agriculture and regional offices aligning policy, and NGOs (CFGB, FHE, TDA, MSCFSO) engaging communities. It is supported by a comprehensive implementation framework that includes large-scale demonstrations to illustrate the benefits of CASI, action research to adapt practices to local needs, and capacity building to empower farmers and stakeholders for sustainable adoption and scalability.
CIMMYT’s researchers, provide action research findings that highlight the multifaceted approach of the SCASI initiative, which focuses on context-specific solutions to improve agricultural productivity and sustainability in Ethiopia. Birhan Abdulkadir, SCASI project leader and agronomist at CIMMYT, said, “We conducted a comprehensive participatory assessment to identify the major production constraints in the 40 kebeles and developed site-specific packages from the combinations of CASI practices. These were implemented in mega demonstrations on host farmers plots with close support from CGFB networks and BoAs. We facilitated access to inputs and provided technical backstopping.”
The project also uses farmer-centered approaches to promote the practices. Host farmers train other farmers and share knowledge and skills through farmer field schools (FFS), self-help groups (SHG), various farmer social networks and media. All these scaling efforts are coherent, inclusive and effective in different contexts and have played a crucial role in catalyzing the adoption and scaling up of CASI practices over the past nearly three years.
The merits of SCASI
The SCASI project has had a significant impact in Ethiopia, particularly in helping farmers improve productivity and soil health. As evidence of the project’s effectiveness in addressing the challenges farmers face, Birhan Abdulkadir noted that by adopting minimum tillage and using crop residues as mulch and compost, among other recommended practices, farmers have dramatically increased their maize yields. This approach not only improves productivity and soil health but also saves time on weeding and reduces production costs.
In August 2024, a delegation of donor representatives and implementing partners visited the Benishangul Gumuz Region and Wolaita Zone for a joint monitoring and evaluation field visit. This visit provided valuable insights into the impact of the project in Ethiopia. Interacting with technology adopters and government partners, the team observed positive results and encouraging examples of how the project is improving agricultural practices. These interactions highlighted the benefits of the interventions, reinforcing the project’s effectiveness in improving farmers’ livelihoods and promoting sustainable practices in the region. In total, 3,700 hectares of agricultural land in the Asosa zone are now using SCASI, demonstrating the project’s widespread impact.
Mr. Bobeker Holeta, Head of the Benishangul Regional State Bureau of Agriculture, emphasized the commitment to understanding the SCASI project over the past two years. He highlighted its effectiveness as a sustainable to improve farmers’ food security and climate resilience. As a result, the regional government has decided to expand the use of this technology to cover 50% of the region’s agricultural land. He believes this decision is an important step in supporting farmers and transforming the agricultural system, ultimately leading to a more resilient and productive agricultural landscape.
Mr. Beshir Hitman, a host farmer from Asosa Zone in Akendo Afafri village, has experienced significant benefits from adopting SCASI technology. Starting with just 0.4 hectares two years ago, he has now expanded his operations to 2.5 hectares. Previously, farmers relied on broadcasting and multiple tillage systems, which were effective but labour intensive. Mr Hitman points out that the SCASI methods have not only improved his crop production and productivity but have also saved him time and labor by minimizing weeding.
In Asosa zone, Ura District, Baro Village, farmer Rawda Mustefa stands proudly on her SCASI project plot. Her successful adoption of sustainable practices demonstrates the positive impact on her farming results (Photo: CIMMYT)
The thriving maize fields of farmer Fantan Karamala in Dunga Arumela village, Ura district, Asosa zone illustrate the effectiveness of the SCASI project. Her commitment has resulted in an impressive six quintals increase in maize yield. By incorporating mulching with crop diversification and expanding her demonstration to 2 hectares, she has successfully intercropped soybean with maize, significantly increasing her income.
Farmers in the Wolaita zone are also inspired by the principles and benefits of SCASI technology. Many have adopted sustainable practices that enhance productivity and improve soil health. The positive impact on yields and incomes has motivated these farmers to adopt innovative approaches, fostering a community-wide commitment to resilience and food security. Their shared experiences highlight the transformative potential of technology in their farming practices.
Farmer Adanech Bebiso in the Boloso Sore district of Wolaita Zone beams with joy as she reaps multiple benefits from her small plots of land managed under the SCASI project. Her positive experience reflects the transformative impact of sustainable agricultural practices on her livelihood (Photo: CIMMYT)
Adanech Bebiso shared her experience, stating, “We began using SCASI after the training we received in 2021. Along with inputs like improved seeds, ginger, taro, sweet potatoes, and forage plants, we also received regular technical support. Previously, using conventional techniques yielded minimal results for many years. SCASI has transformed our operations, and we are reaping the benefits. I started with a 60x40m plot, and my maize harvest increased dramatically from 6 to 16 quintals. This farm has improved our lives in many ways, and we are truly benefiting from this endeavor.”
The reduction of multiple tillage and the production of organic fertilizers, such as vermicompost, have empowered women to become more actively involved in farming. In addition, the availability of fodder has opened up new opportunities for farmers, allowing them to explore alternative businesses such as livestock fattening and dairy production. Many farmers are replacing local cows with improved varieties to enhance milk production and dairy quality.
These changes not only improve the farmers’ livelihoods but also foster social cohesion and build economic capital within the community. For example, the establishment of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) has become a valuable platform for technology transfer, financial savings, and access to credit, further supporting their agricultural and business endeavors.
Host farmers like Amarech Koricho play a key role in their communities by sharing their knowledge. She has trained around 50 fellow farmers in her area about SCASI practices. As a result, these farmers are thriving and actively adopting CASI practices to improve their land management and crop production. Their collective efforts are having a significant impact on sustainable agriculture in the region.
During the joint monitoring visit facilitated by CIMMYT, Tilahun Tadesse, Program Manager of the Terepeza Development Association (TDA), emphasized the advantages of the SCASI approach. He noted that farmers wereexperiencing higher yields per hectare and greater resilience during droughts compared to conventional methods. He attributed the success of these trials to farmers’ commitment, progressive learning, and increased awareness. The variety ofcrops grown onthe demonstration plots are producingimpressive results, further demonstratingthe effectiveness of the SCASI project.
Lessons and future directions
Action research conducted over two years in four regions of Ethiopia highlights the potential of SCASI to drive agricultural transformation. By integrating conservation agriculture with sustainable intensification principles, it effectively addresses immediate agricultural challenges while building resilience to the impacts of climate change. This initiative goes beyond increasing agricultural productivity and improving soil health; it also promotes the expansion of social capital and strengthens system resilience. The practices have effectively reached rural communities through various channels, including radio, demonstrating that targeted, long-term promotion efforts increase the uptake of CASI. The tangible successes experienced of early adopters motivate non-adopters to join the movement. Additionally, host farmers play a crucial role in cascading knowledge and practices to their peers, further facilitating the scaling up of CASI practices. By combining sustainable farming practices with community-based solutions, SCASI empowers farmers to overcome collectively address challenges.
Looking ahead, a sustained commitment to institutional capacity building, the integration of CASI-friendly policies into regional and national frameworks, and effective resource mobilization will be critical to sustaining the momentum of SCASI and expanding its benefits throughout Ethiopia. By expanding the initiative’s reach, CIMMYT and its partners aim to foster a more resilient, productive and sustainable agricultural future that adapts to the country’s diverse agro-ecological conditions. This collective effort will not only improve food security but also empower communities to thrive in the face of climate challenges.
Participants attended the opening ceremony at NAS Complex in New Delhi (Photo: CIMMYT)
CIMMYT, the Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) jointly organized a three-week training course on conservation agriculture (CA) and regenerative agriculture (RA). The program focused on the potential of sustainable farming methods as vital tools for managing risks in agrifood systems in both irrigated and rainfed areas.
Held from December 3–23, 2024, the training brought together farmers, scientists, and stakeholders to explore innovative solutions to agrifood challenges. Sessions were held at the ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research and BISA in Ludhiana, Punjab; the ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute in Karnal, Haryana; and the ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Building Resilient Agrifood Systems
Conservation agriculture (CA) and regenerative agriculture (RA) are approaches to land management that prioritize ecosystem health. These practices are based on three core principles: minimal soil disturbance, continuous soil cover, and crop diversification. Together, they improve yields, restore natural resources, reduce farming costs, and develop resilient agricultural systems that protect the environment, enhance climate resilience, and improve rural livelihoods, particularly in the Global South.
In South Asia, where rural communities rely heavily on natural resources, farmers face significant challenges, including loss of soil fertility, water scarcity, pollution, and the effects of climate change. These pressures are straining agricultural systems, particularly in irrigated and dryland farming areas.
Despite the clear benefits of CA, adoption remains limited due to barriers such as lack of knowledge on how to implement CA in different agro-ecologies, limited access to appropriate tools, insufficient policy support, and low awareness of the long-term benefits of CA. To address these challenges, training and capacity development are essential for scaling up CA technologies among smallholder farmers and ensuring their long-term impact.
The Advanced Course on CA/RA in Asia was launched in 2010 by CIMMYT in partnership with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to address the challenges of sustainable agriculture. Since its inception, advanced training workshops have been held annually, and this is the 13th edition.
The training bridges cutting-edge scientific research and multidisciplinary strategies, equipping participants with skills in sustainable intensification, diversification of production systems, resilience-building, and natural resource conservation. To date, CA training has benefited more than 220 researchers, policymakers, and development practitioners from 20 countries.
The 13th edition, held in India, welcomed mid-career researchers from Uzbekistan, Morocco, and India. The course was coordinated by Mahesh Gathala, Cropping Systems Agronomist, and Alison Laing, Agroecology Specialist, both from CIMMYT; Madhu Choudhary, Senior Scientist at ICAR-CSSRI; and Raj Kumar Jat, Senior Scientist at BISA.
Key Highlights of the Advanced Conservation Agriculture Training Course
The Advanced Conservation Agriculture (CA) course was inaugurated on December 4, 2024, at the NASC Complex in New Delhi. The inaugural address was delivered by S.K. Chaudhari, Deputy Director General for Natural Resource Management at ICAR, who highlighted the importance of CA in addressing climate challenges and managing agronomic risks. Chaudhari emphasized CIMMYT’s leadership in promoting CA in India and reflected on the impact of the program, saying, “I have been watching this course for many years. Many young scientists have benefited from this course.” He also fondly recalled the inaugural training session held 13 years ago and extended his best wishes to all the participants. Watch his complete statement here.
Participants experiencing hands-on training at the BISA farm in Ludhiana.
During the course, participants explored a wide range of topics related to conservation agriculture (CA) and regenerative agriculture (RA) in different agro-ecologies. Key areas of focus included the role of emerging technologies such as drones, carbon credits, soil fertility, nutrient management, crop modeling, and soil testing in informing policy. Experts from various scientific disciplines provided valuable insights into cutting-edge research for both irrigated and dryland systems.
At BISA’s research station in Ludhiana, participants gained practical experience through hands-on training sessions conducted under the expert guidance of H.S. Sidhu and Manpreet Singh (both from Punjab Agricultural University), with the support of Pardeep Sangwal (BISA).
Participants learning new techniques at CSSRI, Karnal (Photo: CIMMYT)
The training included field visits to ICAR-CSSRI in Karnal, where Director R.K. Yadav, Madhu Choudhary, and Kailash Prajapat presented the Institute’s long-term conservation agriculture (CA) experiments. They also conducted hands-on demonstrations on soil biology and its role in generating evidence for policy decisions.
In addition, Mahesh Gathala conducted hands-on training in basic soil physical and chemical analysis techniques at joint ICAR-CIMMYT field plots in Karnal.
Special visits were organized to innovative agricultural machinery manufacturers, including Landforce and National Agroindustry, where participants observed advanced manufacturing techniques and explored the latest agricultural equipment.
Participants also interacted with the manufacturers’ association at the 5th India International Agri Expo in Ludhiana, gaining insights into emerging trends in agricultural machinery.
Participants visited the National Agro manufacturing unit in Ludhiana, Punjab (Photo: CIMMYT)
In addition, a village visit outside Karnal gave participants the opportunity to interact with farmers practicing conservation agriculture (CA). Farmers shared their experiences, giving participants a first-hand look at the practical benefits and real-world impact of CA on farming communities.
A visit to Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab (Photo: CIMMYT)
The success of the program underscores the importance of continued collaboration and training in advancing sustainable agricultural practices. By equipping participants with practical skills, cutting-edge knowledge, and opportunities to connect with peers across regions, the training was instrumental in advancing conservation agriculture (CA) and regenerative agriculture (RA).
Participants left the program with enhanced technical expertise, greater confidence in applying CA practices, and valuable insights into emerging areas such as carbon credit schemes and innovative agricultural technologies. These results underscore the critical role of capacity development in strengthening food security, building climate resilience, and promoting sustainable development in the Global South.
Over 80% of the world’s 570 million farms are smallholder farms under 2 hectares, supporting rural livelihoods in impoverished regions. Smallholder farmers, who form a significant portion of the 690 million people experiencing hunger, need improved crop varieties to thrive under challenging conditions like low inputs, climate change stresses, and pests.
Challenges of breeding for smallholder farmers
Particularly at early stages, breeding programs face difficulties replicating the diverse and resource-constrained environments of smallholder farms, referred to as the Target Population of Environments (TPE). The TPE encompasses all locations where new crop varieties will be grown, characterized by varied biophysical conditions, environmental stresses, and farming practices.
Conventional research stations, where new selection candidates are tested, don’t fully replicate smallholder conditions. Practices like manual labor for weed management or intercropping are common among smallholders but rarely modeled on research stations. This mismatch can lead to inaccurate predictions of crop performance on farms and discarding potentially successful candidate varieties.
Early-Stage On-Farm Sparse Testing (OFST)
Early-stage OFST shifts testing to hundreds of smallholder farms at early stages, addressing two major issues. First, it evaluates crops under real-world, farmer-managed conditions. Second, it captures the diversity within the TPE by conducting trials on numerous farms.
Using farm-as-incomplete-block (FAIB) designs, small farms test 3–5 candidate varieties, aligning with their plot size and resource constraints. A genomic relationship matrix connects trials across farms, ensuring comparability between farms and enhancing selection accuracy through the sharing of information. This approach reduce replication and enable testing more candidates, thereby improving breeding efficiency and providing a basis for accelerated parent recycling. Smallholder farmers are highly diverse, and careful sampling ensures a wide range of farmers can participate. The small land requirements of this approach allow small, poor and/or women farmers to equally participate.
(Photo: CIMMYT)
On-Farm Testing and on-station testing: complementary yet demanding approaches
Early-stage on-farm testing complements, rather than replaces, on-station trials. Controlled assessments for traits like disease resistance and managed abiotic stresses remain essential at research stations. Conversely, insights from early-stage OFST can help refine on-station testing to better represent farming realities.
Scaling early-stage OFST demands strong partnerships between CGIAR, NARES, and farmers for decentralized trial management. Farmers must consent to participate and be compensated for risks. Additionally, significant resources and coordination are required to ensure trials are representative and reliable.
Despite these challenges, early-stage OFST holds transformative potential. By aligning breeding programs with smallholder realities, it can deliver improved crop varieties faster and more effectively, enhancing food security for those who need it most.
For more information, see the article: Accelerating Genetic Gain through Early-Stage On-Farm Sparse Testing by Werner et al., Trends in Plant Science.
As part of the CGIAR Initiative on Agroecology, the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Mechanization and Extension activity participated in the 2024 Agroecology Fairs held in Murewa and Mbire districts on September 25 and October 17, 2024, respectively. The events provided valuable platforms to collaborate with the initiative and showcase different scaling pathways for mechanization within the context of sustainable, efficient farming.
(Photo: CIMMYT)
At the Mechanization and Extension activity’s exhibition stand, visitors explored an array of machinery specifically tailored to small-scale farming needs. Among the featured equipment were basin diggers, two-wheel tractors, multi-crop threshers, chopper grinders, trailers, and peanut butter processing machines, including a groundnut sheller, peanut roaster, and peanut butter-making machine. Each piece of equipment aligns with existing activities within the initiative to demonstrate practical solutions for improving labor efficiency and enhancing crop productivity which might be needed during agroecology transitions.
The basin digger drew significant attention, especially from farmers encountering it for the first time or wanting to know more about how they could become service providers. Designed for creating basins such as those established under the Pfumvudza/Intwasa conservation agriculture program, the basin digger can significantly reduce labor and time in land preparation, especially for those with limited access to manual labor.
The service provision model: a pathway to accessible mechanization
Participants interested in the service provision model received first-hand information on the benefits of the program and how they could sign up. The service provision model is a key part of the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Mechanization and Extension activity, designed to facilitate year-round access to mechanization services in farming communities.
Through this model, trained service providers are established locally, offering a range of fee-based services, including land preparation, crop management, post-harvest processing, value addition, and transportation. This model makes essential machinery accessible to farmers without requiring them to purchase it outright. To support the establishment of service providers, three financing options are offered:
Loan facility: Prospective service providers apply for a loan from BancABC, with a 30% initial deposit of the total machinery cost. Upon approval, the balance is paid directly to the machinery supplier, who then delivers the equipment.
Hire purchase agreement: Service providers may opt for a hire purchase arrangement with the manufacturer, where machinery is provided after an agreed deposit, with the remaining balance paid over three to four months.
Outright cash purchase: Community members with funds can purchase machinery.
Strong community interest and prospects for growth
The Mechanization and Extension activity stand generated substantial interest among farmers in both districts. In Murewa, 95 participants engaged with the display, with eight potential service providers expressing interest in acquiring the peanut butter-making machine, manual groundnut sheller, and peanut roaster. Groundnut production is high in Murewa, so farmers were especially intrigued by the value addition machinery, which opens new opportunities for processing and marketing.
“As groundnut farmers, these machines will give us a business opportunity to sell peanut butter in large quantities,” said attendee Colleta Nzara of Murewa district.
“We used to lose so much money by just selling unshelled groundnuts because very few could manually process into peanut butter, but with these machines, the whole process is so much easier,” said Florence Mutize of Murewa district.
In Mbire, where 57 participants visited the stand, the basin digger was a major attraction.
“This is the first time I am seeing this machine that can ease our labor burdens when making our Pfumvudza plots,” said Jennifer Nyatande from Mbire district. “I’m eager to invest in one to both reduce costs on my farm and offer services to others.“
(Photo: CIMMYT)
The 2024 Agroecology Fairs provided an opportunity to demonstrate how mechanization can be both accessible and transformative for smallholder farmers. With growing interest from local communities, the Mechanization and Extension activity continues to work toward sustainable agricultural development across Zimbabwe’s rural districts.
Under the scorching Sudanese sun, Salwa Suliman has become a symbol of transformation in Kasala. Her hands which once used to knead dough and prepare meals as a cook, are now shaping a brighter future for her family and community. A cook and trainer by trade, Salwa’s family relied on agriculture to make ends meet. But when the conflict disrupted their farming activities, their livelihood and future seemed uncertain.
Through CIMMYT’s Sustainable Agrifood Systems Approach for Sudan (SASAS), Salwa has embraced change, learning the secrets of organic fertilizer production, innovative food processing, and sustainable agriculture. With the support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), today Salwa now runs a vibrant business that produces food that nourishes the body as well as the soul. Her journey is proof that even in the harshest conditions, with the right support and determination, growth is always possible. Salwa’s success is more than a personal triumph—it’s a testament to the transformative power of hope and action rippling through Sudan.
Building resilience in the midst of conflict
In Kassala and Gadaref states, solar-powered irrigation kits have replaced costly and unreliable diesel pumps, enabling more than 2,000 farmers to grow high-value crops such as vegetables year-round. These systems not only reduce operational costs, but farmers are trained to maintain and optimize them, ensuring long-term sustainability.
Solar panels (Photo: Mercy crops)
Equally transformative are the eight solar-powered agro-processing hubs that provide essential machinery such as threshers, oil presses, and grinders. These hubs have become economic lifelines, especially for women, who use them to create micro-enterprises. From grinding and packaging dried vegetables to selling value-added products, women are driving economic growth while reducing post-harvest losses and strengthening food security.
Commitment to gender equality and representation
Women’s empowerment is a cornerstone of the SASAS approach. Through gender awareness initiatives in 20 communities, more than 2,800 participants, including 2,485 women, have addressed negative social norms, women’s rights, and decision-making in economic activities. Activities such as theatrical performances and competitions have reinforced these messages and created gender-equitable environments. This groundwork has been further strengthened by the establishment of gender committees, each of which integrates men and women to advocate for equitable access to resources and leadership roles.
The impact extends to grassroots leadership, where trained gender advocates facilitate sensitization sessions that benefit cooperative members and promote sustainable gender advocacy.
Bridging partnerships for agricultural transformation
The World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg), in partnership with SASAS, has played a key role in integrating sustainable vegetable production into Sudan’s food systems. Their initiatives —from providing quality seeds to training farmers in integrated pest management and post-harvest practices — have reached thousands of beneficiaries, with women making up 50% of the participants. Through partnerships with local organizations and private sector actors, WorldVeg has expanded access to resources and knowledge, ensuring that even conflict-affected communities can thrive.
ADRA and Mercy Corps have also been instrumental in the success of SASAS. Mercy Corps established solar-powered agro-processing centers and irrigation systems, providing critical infrastructure for sustainable agriculture. ADRA reinforced these efforts by implementing solar-powered cold storage facilities and establishing gender committees with equal representation of men and women to promote gender equity in decision-making and access to resources.
(Photo: Mercy crops)(Photo: Mercy crops)
A model for future growth
The success of SASAS demonstrates the power of combining innovative technologies, gender-focused initiatives, and strong partnerships to create lasting change. From the solar-powered cold storage facilities that preserve harvests to the empowered women who transform local economies, the program offers a blueprint for resilience and growth in fragile contexts.
USAID support for recovery and resilience
None of these achievements would have been possible without the support of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). By funding and guiding the SASAS program, USAID has enabled the integration of solar power, gender empowerment, and sustainable agriculture into Sudan’s recovery efforts. From solar-powered irrigation to the empowerment of women like Salwa, USAID’s commitment has been a beacon of hope for communities rebuilding in the midst of adversity.
