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Building a sustainable hybrid seed market system in Nepal to enhance food security and farmers’ profitability: transforming the seed sector through local capacity development

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Blogs.

Hybrid maize seed production field at Kailali district in Nepal (Photo:AbduRahman Beshir/CIMMYT)

Nepal, a Himalayan nation with substantial agricultural potential, has a maize seed market valued at over $100 million. Yet in 2023, only 15% of the national demand for quality maize seed was met. Historically, the country has relied heavily on imports to supply hybrid maize seeds, which account for approximately 15–20% of the cultivated maize area.

To address this challenge, CIMMYT, in collaboration with the Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) and local private seed companies, has embarked on a transformative journey to strengthen domestic hybrid maize seed production and marketing systems. The results have been impressive: winter-season hybrid seed production has increased from just 4.5 metric tons in 2018 — when local hybrid seed efforts began — to 200 metric tons by 2023/24. This growth has been fueled by hybrid maize varieties developed by CIMMYT and released by NARC, which continue to drive this upward trend.

Manesh Patel, President of Asia and Pacific Seed Association (APSA), reflected on his experience on Nepal’s evolving seed industry during the recent International Seed Conference in Kathmandu: “About 10 or 12 years ago, I had the opportunity to interact with the seed stakeholders in Nepal. At that time, the seed sector was not viable, and the role of the private sector was minimal. Now, I am impressed to see such transformative initiatives in Nepal’s seed sector.”

Patel acknowledged the vital role of CIMMYT and other stakeholders, particularly under the Nepal Seed and Fertilizer Project (NSAF) in driving this transformation. The local seed companies have been instrumental in scaling hybrid seed production, by leveraging the technical, human, and institutional capacity development support provided by CIMMYT and partners.

Hybrid seed production hubs — a model to foster agile seed business

Under the NSAF project, CIMMYT partnered with ten Nepalese seed companies and farmers’ cooperatives to establish hybrid seed production hubs. Previously, companies operated in a fragmented and inefficient manner, resulting in elevated production costs. To address this, the project identified strategic production hubs where farmers could pool their land and produce seeds in an adjacent, coordinated seed production. The districts of Dang, Kapilvastu, and Kailali emerged as key hubs, now hosting at least six seed companies working collaboratively to streamline hybrid maize seed production.

Spearheaded by collaborative efforts between public and private stakeholders, these hubs are contributing to Nepal’s seed sector by centralizing resources, technology, and expertise. Since 2020/21, these hubs have served as key focal points for the production of quality hybrid seeds and for advancing improvements across the seed value chain. Notable outcomes of the model include:

  • Bringing breeders, agronomists, and technical experts together for knowledge transfer and streamlined seed multiplication which enhances efficiency.
  • Enhancing seed quality through centralized facilities, and land pooling, which reduces cross-contamination of the seed field and ensures rigorous quality control.
  • Reducing costs through centralized operations, which lowers production cost and makes hybrid seeds more affordable and accessible.
  • Strengthening the supply chain helps to enhance timely seed availability.

The Dang hub stands as a testament to the success of Nepal’s emerging hybrid seed production model. Between 2020/21 and 2023/24, the production area expanded by more than 300%, seed production rose by an impressive 1,450%, and farmer participation increased by 290%.

This extraordinary growth was made possible through a strong public-private ecosystem, including support from the Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project (PMAMP), which facilitated mechanization as seed companies scaled their operations. In 2023/24 alone, the hub produced enough hybrid maize seed to plant 10,000 hectares — yielding nearly $25 million in grain value that would otherwise have been met through costly imports.

Tripling farmers’ incomes and creating rural job opportunities

Nepal faces significant rural outmigration, as economic pressures and shifting aspirations drive many men and youth to seek opportunities elsewhere leading to depopulation and increasing abandonment of farmland. In their absence, women now comprise an estimated 60–70% of the rural workforce, often balancing farm labor with household responsibilities. Amid these challenges, the hybrid seed business model is proving transformative. By enabling farmers to generate higher returns from smaller plots and creating rural employment opportunities for both women and men, it offers a path to revitalizing rural livelihoods and strengthening local economies.

A women farmer engaged in detasseling operation of hybrid maize seed field at Kapilvastu district in Nepal (Photo: CIMMYT/Nepal)

Farmers like Ganesh Choudhary and Yuvraj Chaudhary exemplify this success. Ganesh transitioned from wheat farming to hybrid maize seed production at the Kailali hub under a contract with Unique Seed Company. In just one season, his income tripled, earning $1,980 compared to $660 from wheat on the same plot of land. Similarly, Yuvraj, working with Gorkha Seed Company at the Dang hub, earned $2,400 in his second year, three times more than his previous income—after receiving targeted training and technical support.

Additionally, key operations in hybrid seed production, such as detasseling and roughing, have created employment opportunities for rural women, who manage over 60% of these tasks. The financial security offered by buyback guarantees from the seed companies, combined with the efficiency of clustered land management, has provided farmers with a more sustainable pathway to improved livelihoods. This approach not only addresses economic challenges but also helps curb migration and empowers rural communities.

Maintaining the momentum

The modest beginnings of hybrid seed production are ushering in a new era for Nepal’s seed sector and represent a beacon of hope for its broader agricultural transformation. By effectively integrating seed companies, public research institutions, cooperatives, and government support, Nepal is poised to build a resilient seed market system — one that enhances farmer livelihoods and bolsters the national economy.

To sustain and consolidate these gains, continued collaboration and partnership among stakeholders is essential. Building on the strong foundation laid and maintaining momentum will require, among other efforts:

  • Policy support by the government to encourage hybrid seed production and provide necessary resources, particularly to hybrid seed startups.
  • Foster private sector engagement and strengthen partnerships with seed companies to ensure long-term market viability.
  • Institutional capacity building and investment in training programs for farmers, agronomists, and technical staff to maintain and enhance the quality of hybrid seeds.
  • Strengthening research and development, particularly to develop and deploy new hybrid varieties suited to diverse agro-ecological zones and market segments.
  • Enhance financial access to credit and insurance for seed companies, seed growers to mitigate risks and encourage investment.

The remarkable progress in hybrid seed production driven by coordinated public-private efforts marks a pivotal shift for Nepal’s agricultural future. Beyond reducing dependence on costly imports, this momentum is laying the foundation for a resilient, self-sufficient seed sector. It holds the promise of greater food security, increased farmer incomes, and long-term sustainability. With continued investment and collaboration, Nepal is not only transforming its seed systems but also empowering its rural communities and securing a more prosperous agricultural economy for generations to come.

Tips for diversifying crops and improving the functionality of agricultural systems

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Blogs.

Mariel Guera, CIMMYT’s national coordinator for research platforms, at one of the experimental platforms where practices are evaluated to diversify agricultural systems and improve their ecological and productive functionality (Photo: Ingrid González/CIMMYT)

Functional diversification in agriculture seeks to maximize the potential of crops not only as sources of food but also as contributors to soil health, ecosystem stability, and economic sustainability. Through strategic design, agroecosystems can be strengthened to become more resilient, efficient, and productive. Mariel Guera, National Research Coordinator of the Sustainable Agrifood Systems (SAS) Program at CIMMYT, shares key recommendations for those interested in transitioning toward more diverse and functional systems.

Intercropping of maize (Zea mays), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and squash (Cucurbita spp.) in a diversified system (Milpa). This combination enhances soil fertility, improves ground cover, and strengthens agroecosystem resilience (Photo: Jenifer Morales/CIMMYT)

Integrating different species within an agricultural system provides important agroecological benefits. For example, incorporating crops such as legumes can enhance soil fertility, disrupt pest and disease cycles, promote beneficial insect populations, and broaden food and income opportunities.

Reduce climate risk

Diversified agricultural system with crops of varying water requirements (Photo: OpenAI, ChatGPT)

Growing crops with different water and nutrient requirements helps mitigate the impact of irregular rainfall or extreme heat. Functional diversity brings greater stability in the face of climate uncertainty.

Select adapted species with market potential

Crops selected for their climate adaptation and commercial value. (Photo: Open AI, ChatGPT)

Species selection should be based on their adaptation to local conditions and market potential. While some hardy species may not be commercially viable, they fulfill essential functions such as providing soil cover, fixing nitrogen, and improving soil structure—leading to indirect benefits for the main crop.

Invest in intercropping and crop rotations

Crop at early stages under diversified agriculture management. (Photo: Jenifer Morales/CIMMYT)

Combining crops through practices such as maize–bean intercropping or maize–sesame relay planting enables more efficient use of system resources without reducing yields. These practices improve profitability, contribute to pest control, and promote efficient land use throughout the cropping cycle.

Assess before diversifying

Field assessment to evaluate soil conditions prior to diversifying crops (Photo: CIMMYT)

Before introducing new species, it is necessary to conduct a technical assessment of the context, including climate conditions, altitude, soil type, water availability, and agronomic history. This evaluation helps prevent losses and ensures effective diversification.

Support the agroecological transition

Management of cover crops as part of a functional diversification strategy (Photo: Sarah MartĂ­nez/CIMMYT)

Functional crop diversity reduces chemical inputs, improves soil health, and contributes to restoring ecological balance in the system. In the medium and long term, these benefits promote more efficient, regenerative production.

Intentional and knowledgeable diversification is key to achieving more resilient, productive, and sustainable agricultural systems. Incorporating functional crops that are adapted to local conditions and linked to clear objectives strengthens productive autonomy, improves profitability, and promotes more balanced agroecosystem management. For diversification to be effective, it is essential to assess the system, select appropriate species, and receive technical support.

If you are interested in applying this approach to your farm, contact the CIMMYT team in your region. Locate your nearest hub to receive specialized guidance in designing a diversification strategy tailored to your production context.

Can organic fertilizers rebuild Zimbabwe’s fragile soils?

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Blogs.

(Tracy Chokurongerwa and Atlas representative in her trial plot (Photo: CIMMYT)

“Our soils are exhausted. Even the best hybrid seed won’t yield much without nutrients. Organic fertilizers give us hope, but are they affordable and available? We need to understand our soils and make informed choices. This is an agrarian district; water isn’t scarce, but good soil is,” lamented Mrs. Munyoro, a district local authority official in Murehwa.

These words reflect a difficult reality confronting many smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe’s dryland farming regions: the urgent need to restore soil health in an increasingly fragile climate. With nearly 70% of the soils in districts like Murehwa and Mutoko classified as sandy, low in organic carbon, and prone to nutrient leaching, the potential for long-term productivity is steadily declining. Compounding this challenge is a decline in livestock populations due to disease, which reduces access to cattle manure, once a dependable source of organic nutrients.

To respond to these issues, the Resilience Building through Agroecological Intensification in Zimbabwe (RAIZ) project, led by the research consortium CIMMYT, is conducting field trials targeting soil fertility enhancement strategies that align scientific rigor with local practicality. These trials explore how conservation agriculture (CA) techniques and various organic fertility inputs—ranging from traditional manure to market-supplied products like Bokashi, Atlas orgfert (organic D), Orgfert, and Vermicompost—can sustainably improve soil fertility, structure, microbial health, and ultimately yield outcomes.

But why do these trials matter? The market is increasingly saturated with organic fertilisers, which offer both opportunities and dilemmas for smallholder farmers. From ZimEarthworms’ vermicompost, Bokashi, Orgfert, and Atlas orgfert (organic D) gaining visibility, questions remain around their affordability, accessibility, and context-specific performance. Farmers continue to rely on cattle manure where available, but rising livestock mortality, including from theileriosis (commonly referred to as January disease), is limiting this resource.

The RAIZ trials go beyond measuring yield data—they also evaluate farmer appreciation, labor requirements, and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, local authorities emphasize the importance of understanding how different organic inputs influence nutrient cycling, soil microbial activity, and overall soil fertility dynamics over time.

With several companies producing organic inputs, and cattle manure being a traditional staple, the big questions remain: What works best? What can farmers afford? And how can the findings shape broader adoption? This integrated approach is critical for guiding broader adoption of sustainable practices in Zimbabwe’s farming systems, where poor granite-derived sandy soils of low organic matter and low pH constitute up to 60% of the country’s arable land.

Insights from the Field

The farmer-led trial by Tracy Chokurongerwa in Murehwa offered compelling insights into the comparative value of organic inputs under both conventional and CA management, including intercropping setups such as maize–cowpea combinations. Treatments across plots were standardized to include five organic amendments: Vermicompost, Orgfert, Atlas orgfert (organic D), Bokashi, and cattle manure.

An aerial view of the experimental plot on organic soil amendments in Murehwa Ward 28 (Photo: CIMMYT)

Bokashi showed notable improved performance compared to the previous season, while Atlas orgfert (organic D) emerged as the preferred input by farmers based on visual crop vigor and yield observations. ZimEarthworms’ vermicompost performed particularly well when combined with Compound D fertilizer, suggesting synergistic effects between organic and synthetic inputs. However, challenges with land topography and water retention reinforced the need for supporting practices such as contour ridges, stormwater diversion channels, and timely land preparation.

In another trial, one farmer tested intercropping with pigeon pea and echoed the preference for Atlas orgfert (organic D). A separate rate trial examined the impact of increasing organic input volumes, revealing a positive yield response under CA systems, although erosion risks on sloped terrain were a concern—emphasizing once again the importance of land and water management.

In Mutoko, trials faced additional variables. Termite infestation was notable in one plot, aggravated by water runoff and poor mulch management. However, plots that utilized decomposed leaf litter mulch showed better moisture retention and stronger crop establishment under conservation agriculture practices. At some sites, the differences between CA and conventional till plots were striking to all visitors, clearly demonstrating the regenerative capacity of CA-based systems.

These examples illustrate how site-specific conditions—such as slope, soil type, and mulch availability—heavily influence the outcomes of soil fertility interventions. Importantly, researchers noted that marginal land allocation for trials (often the only land farmers can offer) can limit replicability and yield potential, highlighting the tension between field research conditions and real-world farming constraints.

Highlights of the 2023/24 Season

The 2023/24 season was a year of experimentation and learning for the RAIZ project, as farmers diligently undertook the targeted trials with recommended organic fertilizer rates and conservation agriculture (CA) methods. A total of 51 farmers participated in farmer-led experiments, with 30 testing standard or recommended rates of organic amendments under CA techniques, and 21 evaluating different organic fertilizer rates. Six decentralized learning centers hosted demonstrations on maize variety performance, CA principles, sorghum, and manure use, providing a platform for peer learning and knowledge exchange.

Despite erratic rainfall ranging from 250 to 500 mm, the trials delivered critical insights into what works and where. Results showed limited maize harvests, while the trials emphasized understanding which soil amendments are most effective across different areas. This approach helps farmers avoid costly fertilizer investments by identifying locally affordable and sustainable soil enhancement options. The need for early land preparation and strategic planning at the start of the season was a key takeaway, particularly in the face of climate unpredictability and ongoing soil degradation.

Reflections from the Ground

One of the strongest messages from both farmers and stakeholders was a call for continuity. Participants appreciated the way research was embedded within farmer realities and stressed the importance of scaling the initiative. Farmer engagement from the outset, coupled with co-implementation of trials, has fostered a sense of ownership and trust.

A particularly telling observation was the presence of witchweed in conventional maize plots, reinforcing the importance of integrated soil fertility management and diversified cropping systems. Such findings not only validate CA and organic input combinations but also contribute to a growing body of evidence on how to manage parasitic weeds through ecological approaches.

With community trust, scientific insight, and early success stories in hand, the pathway to broader adoption of organic-based soil restoration strategies is becoming clearer. However, sustained support, adaptive extension services, and inclusive learning platforms will be critical to maintain momentum. For districts like Murehwa and Mutoko, soil health is the limiting factor—but with the right inputs, the right knowledge, and continued collaboration, smallholder farmers can rebuild the fertility foundation of their lands, and with it, secure the future of rural livelihoods.

Retraining Trialists: Enhancing Capacity for Quality Data Collection

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Blogs.

The Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) recently conducted a comprehensive retraining program for trialists, led by Lloyd Mbulwe, Lead Breeder, with support from CIMMYT. The initiative was driven by a growing demand for enhanced capacity in field book management, DNA sampling, and quality control measures. 

A group photo of the training participants (Photo: ZARI)

The well-attended training brought together triallists and assistant breeders from across the country, representing various research programs, including sorghum, finger millet, and pearl millet. The platform offered a valuable opportunity to harmonize data collection procedures, ensuring consistency and accuracy in research efforts collected. 

The training covered the full spectra of trial management- from planting to harvest– alongside robust guidance on data collection. Participants also received instruction on data analysis and interpretation, enabling them to extract meaningful insights from their field data. A focused session on DNA leaf sample preparation for fingerprinting emphasized the importance of accuracy and integrity in genetic research. The training introduced key concepts in quality assurance and quality control (QAQC), essential for upholding rigorous scientific standards.  

Participants in the field during a hands-on evaluation session of sorghum varieties (Photo: ZARI)

A key highlight of the training was the practical session on field book management. Participants had the opportunity to work with the field book, identifying challenges and opportunities associated with its use in the field. This hands-on experience enabled them to develop a deeper understanding of the field book’s capabilities and limitations, ultimately sharpening their field-based data skills enhancing their field-based data skills.  

To complement the classroom and practical sessions, participants also visited the Plant Pathology Laboratory at ZARI Headquarters, where they gained insights into disease diagnosis, sample preparation, and QAQC procedures used in laboratory settings. The visit reinforced the importance of accurate field data and proper sample handling to support robust laboratory analysis and research outcomes. 

Participants at the Plant Pathology Laboratory at ZARI Headquarters, , exploring ongoing research activities (Photo: ZARI)

The training aimed to equip triallists with the necessary skills and knowledge to collect high-quality data, manage DNA samples effectively, and apply QAQC measures to ensure the reliability of research outcomes. 

By enhancing the capacity of trial lists, ZARI aims to improve the overall quality of research outputs-ultimately contributing to the development of improved crop varieties and enhanced agricultural productivity in Zambia. 

From CGIAR Research to Action: Strengthening Science-Policy Linkages

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CGIAR is the world’s largest agricultural innovation network and a global leader in research for development. Over the past five decades, its investments have delivered tenfold returns—yielding more abundant and affordable food while reducing hunger, poverty, and land use (1). Today’s food systems face multiple, interconnected challenges – ranging from production inefficiencies and nutritional disparities to social exclusion and environmental degradation. These issues are further intensified by climate change, geopolitical instability, and systemic inequality. Tackling them demands coordinated, multisectoral responses and stronger collaboration with the public sector, particularly policymakers (2). There is a well-recognized gap between science and policy, driven in part by the technical complexity of research outputs. Policymakers often face challenges in interpreting and applying scientific findings, which hinders the uptake of evidence-based solutions. Therefore, there is a need for simplified and tailored research communication to broader audiences, particularly for policymakers in target countries.

“To truly make a difference, research must speak the language of policy: Science without policy is just academia; policy without science is just guesswork.”

For research and innovation to effectively influence and inform policy, researchers must go beyond simply presenting evidence and engage deeply with the policy-making context. By understanding the multiple factors policymakers consider and by building genuine and trust-based partnerships, researchers can significantly improve the chances that their work will shape and inform effective, actionable policy (3).

What a researcher should know for effective science-policy communication

To communicate effectively with policymakers, researchers must understand the broader policymaking context and constraints faced by decision-makers responsible for crafting and implementing policy in a target country. Policymakers weigh multiple dimensions – political, economic, social, and logistical – before adopting innovations. Successful research-to-policy translation hinges on addressing these dimensions holistically.

Key dimensions policymakers consider

Political Acceptability: Innovations must align with current political agendas and priorities to secure regulatory and financial support. Political will and leadership are often decisive enablers – without them, even the most technically sound innovations may stall.

Social Desirability: Policies are more likely to succeed when they address pressing societal needs, resonate with public values, and enhance quality of life. Public support and broad adoption are essential for long-term sustained impact.

Technical Feasibility: Innovations should be practical, scalable, and implementable with available technologies and systems. If an innovation is too complex, unreliable, or difficult to implement, it risks being unsustainable or rejected.

Financial Viability: Policymakers assess whether innovations are economically feasible, offer a clear return on investment, and align with existing budgetary constraints. Financial sustainability encourages both public and private sector participation.

Administrative Doability: For policy innovations to succeed, they must be implementable within current administrative systems. Clear procedures for implementation and monitoring are essential. Administrative complexity can be a significant barrier.

Judicial Tenability: Innovations must comply with existing legal frameworks. If legal adaptation is required, there must be a strong, evidence-based justification to support such changes and ensure alignment with constitutional or regulatory standards.

Emotional Relatability: Innovations that resonate emotionally by addressing people’s concerns, fears, and aspirations are more likely to gain public acceptance.

Environmental Sustainability: Minimizing environmental impact and promoting resource efficiency are increasingly important, as policymakers face mounting pressure to support long-term ecological balance.

Challenges in Research-Policy Engagement

  • Limited interactions and weak personal engagement between researchers and policymakers result in infrequent use of empirical evidence in policymaking.
  • Significant differences exist in decision-making processes, norms, and cultures between researchers and policymakers.
  • Additional barriers include differing institutional cultures, and a lack of incentives or training for effective policy engagement.

Effective Strategies for Bridging the Gap

  • Training researchers to understand the policymaking process, improve communication, and build relationships with policymakers.
  • Combining direct instruction (didactic training) and experiential learning (hands-on engagement) to reinforce both knowledge and practical engagement is most effective.
  • A structured approach designed to build researchers’ policy competencies and support policy engagement through iterative phases, including policy priority identification, network development, training, and ongoing collaboration.
  • Prioritize continuous feedback, relationship building, and responsiveness to current policy needs.
  • Research institutions should adjust incentive structures (such as tenure and promotion criteria) to recognize and encourage policy engagement.
  • Institutions should support research activities that directly align with policy priorities and opportunities.
  • Effectively translating research into policy is an interactive and collaborative process. Building trust, keeping communication open, and forming strong relationships with policymakers are key to success. Engaging early, particularly during the agenda-setting stage, helps ensure that research tackles relevant policy issues and anticipates potential implementation challenges.
  • Involving policymakers and stakeholders through co-design enhances the relevance and utility of research findings. This approach helps identify potential barriers, align expectations, and build shared ownership of both the research and the resulting policies.
  • Researchers must tailor their communication for policy audiences by turning complex evidence into clear, practical messages. Using data alongside compelling stories can build trust and encourage engagement, making the case for innovation more convincing.
  • Understanding the broader policy environment is critical. Researchers should understand the institutional, legal, and administrative context in which policy decisions occur. Identifying key policy actors and knowing their roles, motivations, and limitations is essential for effective engagement.

Practical Strategies for Researchers

  • Engage policymakers early and regularly to co-create research agendas and ensure the work remains relevant.
  • Build long-term relationships grounded in trust and mutual understanding.
  • Communicate findings clearly in policy-relevant terms, combining data with compelling narratives.
  • Show how the innovation tackles pressing local issues and has the potential to scale effectively.
  • Identify and address possible barriers – political, financial, administrative, legal, and social – before recommending policy adoption.

CIMMYT in Bangladesh is actively engaging with policymakers. As part of the ongoing research project Transforming Smallholder Food Systems in South Asia (RUPANTAR), we explored the political economy of policies for sustainable agriculture in Bangladesh. The findings were published in an international peer-reviewed journal to share insights with policymakers. The article attracted only around 80 readers – mostly researchers. In contrast, a simplified policy brief based on the same findings reached over 1,800 readers in a few months, the majority of whom were based in Bangladesh. This highlights the importance of making research more accessible and actionable.

CGIAR is well-positioned to address these challenges. In response, CGIAR has launched its unique Scaling for Impact (S4I) program to better align research with real-world needs (4). It emphasizes demand signaling, building partnerships, understanding the policy landscape, and supporting structured scaling. In particular, S4I’s focus areas include identifying stakeholder needs and shaping enabling policies that support CGIAR’s broader impact goals.

  1. Thornton P, Dijkman J, Herrero M, Szilagyi L, Cramer L. Aligning vision and reality in publicly funded agricultural research for development: A case study of CGIAR. Food Policy. 2022 [cited 2025 May 11];107:102196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102196 
  2. UNEP. Strengthening the Science-Policy Interface: a Gap Analysis. United Nations Environment Programme Nairobi; 2017.
  3. Ruhl JB, Posner SM, Ricketts TH. Engaging policy in science writing: Patterns and strategies. Plos One.2019 [cited 2025 May 11];14(8):e0220497. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220497
  4. CGIAR. 2024. Scaling for Impact Program: Full design document. Agenda item SC21-05a, 21st CGIAR System Council meeting, Berlin, Germany, 11-12 December 2024. Montpellier: CGIAR

Joining Forces to Sow Peace through Multilateralism: CIMMYT’s Global Commitment

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Training in agroecological pest management during the early activities of the Western Honduras InnovaHub (Photo: Marlon Duron, Western InnovaHub)

Since our foundation, multilateralism has been a guiding principle of CIMMYT’s mission. We firmly believe that by forging strong alliances among countries, institutions, and communities, we can collectively confront the pressing challenges threatening food security, environmental health, and social cohesion.

From our base in Mexico, we cultivate networks of scientific and technical collaboration to advance agricultural innovations that are tailored to local realities. These solutions strengthen agri-food systems, enabling them to endure climate shocks, economic disruptions, and social crises.

Agriculture for Peace: A Transformative Vision Rooted in Science

A living embodiment of this vision is Agriculture for Peace, an initiative led by the Government of Mexico and supported by CIMMYT’s scientific and technical expertise. The initiative is grounded in a profound yet simple conviction: agriculture—when enriched by both cutting-edge research and the ancestral wisdom of farmers—can serve as a powerful force for social reconciliation, inclusive development, and enduring peace.

Through applied research, technology transfer, local capacity development, and the creation of economic opportunities, Agriculture for Peace seeks to foster resilient, equitable, and prosperous communities. This initiative represents a concrete pathway to regenerate hope—both in Mexico and across borders.

Global Partnerships, Local Impact

CIMMYT’s commitment to multilateralism extends across the globe:

  • In Africa, through MasAgro Africa, we adapt successful experiences from Mexico to strengthen the capacities of smallholder farmers in countries such as Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. This work promotes sustainable agricultural practices, boosts productivity, and enhances food and nutrition security.
  • In South Asia, we collaborate with partners in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh to transform cereal production systems. Together, we promote climate-resilient farming methods that improve both yields and livelihoods.
  • In Latin America and the Caribbean, we advance the AgriLAC Resiliente initiative to foster inclusive innovation, scientific collaboration, and policy engagement that address the dual threats of climate change and rural inequality.

A Legacy of Listening and Action

Over the course of six decades, CIMMYT has learned that transformation begins with listening. Our founder, Dr. Norman Borlaug, understood the importance of hearing the world’s crises—and responding with science, innovation, and international solidarity. His legacy compels us to continue listening closely to today’s challenges and co-creating solutions that are rooted in cooperation and driven by evidence.

Today, as the world confronts compounding global crises, the need for unity, dialogue, and action has never been more urgent. At CIMMYT, we call for renewed and strengthened alliances to holistically transform agri-food systems—merging scientific excellence with the time-honored knowledge of farmers.

Because by doing so, we do more than cultivate crops:
We sow resilience, sustainability, and shared prosperity.

Agriculture for Peace is our collective opportunity to sow transformation, regeneration, and hope.

Fingerprinting bioinformatics pipeline cuts seed purity testing from days to clicks

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A new bioinformatics-driven tool dramatically accelerates seed purity testing, offering fast, automated parental purity checks and hybridity verification—thereby increasing the effectiveness of breeders, seed companies, and regulators.

Waiting days—or even weeks—to analyze Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) assay data to verify the genetic purity and hybridity of seeds and crosses may soon be a thing of the past. A new bioinformatics-driven seed purity testing pipeline significantly reduces the time required to confirm seed identity, bringing it down to just a few clicks.

The new pipeline uses DNA fingerprinting with SNPs in a fast, accurate, and scalable automated genetic analysis.

Modernizing Genetic Purity and Hybridity Testing

Traditionally, seed producers and certification agencies have relied on grow-out tests and morphological analysis to assess genetic purity. These methods are labor-intensive and time-consuming, often requiring weeks or months of field or greenhouse work by trained technicians.

Although CIMMYT has long used molecular markers to verify parental purity and hybridity, challenges remained—particularly the lack of automated tools and integrated platforms to make the process seamless and accessible.

That is changing, thanks to software developed by Abhishek Rathore and team. The pipeline automatically compares each sample’s genetic profile to its expected reference using a custom algorithm. Based on user-defined thresholds, the tool confirms parental purity, identifies putative F1 hybrids, and flags failed crosses.

“We wanted a tool that breeders and seed companies can use without needing specialized bioinformatics skills,” said Abhishek Rathore, bioinformatics specialist at CIMMYT. “Once the DNA data is generated, the analysis is push-button. The software quickly interprets the SNP results and produces an easy-to-read report on seed purity. It’s about making advanced bioinformatics accessible and routine for parental purity and F1 verifications.”

Speedy, Automated, and User-Friendly

Early implementation of the pipeline has demonstrated large gains in speed and efficiency. What previously required extensive manual effort can now be completed in minutes.

The system is designed with user-friendliness in mind: lab technicians simply upload SNP assay results into an intuitive interface, and the pipeline returns clear metrics—such as “% purity”—while flagging any off-type individuals. With the computational workload fully automated, even seed companies and labs with minimal informatics infrastructure can benefit.

“Automation is key,” added Rathore. “By reducing manual steps and subjective interpretation, we save time and minimize human error. You can process dozens of seed samples overnight and receive a comprehensive genetic report by morning.”

To make this automation accessible to stakeholders across NARS, CIMMYT’s biometrician Roma Das developed a user-friendly web interface, while Peter Kimathi, a bioinformatics and software developer, developed a custom report and deployed the pipeline as a web service on CIMMYT’s servers (link below).

Widespread Adoption Across Africa

Since its rollout, the pipeline has been widely adopted by CIMMYT and partners through the Africa Dryland Crops Improvement Network (ADCIN). Mohan Chejerla, Genomics Expert at CIMMYT, has already applied the pipeline to over 23,000 samples, ensuring quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) for breeding pipelines across Kenya, Uganda, Mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Niger, Togo, Zambia, and Ghana.

This broad uptake underscores the demand for reliable, scalable seed purity testing—and the pipeline’s value for enhancing crop breeding and seed system integrity.

Additional Information:
🔗 Pipeline Source Code
🔗 CIMMYT Pipeline Implementation

Rita Devi’s Small Farmers Large Field model revives agriculture in Bihar

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Above: Farmers carrying potatoes harvested from the field (Photo: TAFSSA)

Bihar’s economy is driven by agriculture, which employs more than half of the workforce. With a yield of 27,654 kg per hectare from 330,000 hectares of land, Bihar accounts for 17% of India’s total potato production, behind only Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. But the agricultural land is fraught with challenges: small and marginal farmers, who on average own less than 2 hectares of land, account for 97% of the landholdings. This creates less-than-ideal conditions for productive agriculture.

In Bihar’s largest potato-producing belt, a plethora of challenges make farming unprofitable: bottlenecks in getting good quality seeds, unaffordability of pesticides and fertilizers, the prevalence of crop pests and diseases, poor market prices at harvest time, and inadequate knowledge of good agronomic practices—all lead to lower net returns. Nalanda’s farmers are finding ways to make farming more profitable, productive, sustainable, and rewarding.

If this does not happen, farming will soon cease to be a lucrative—or even viable—livelihood.

Rita Devi, a 47-year-old farmer from Bihar, is one of 103 innovative farmers demonstrating new ways to tackle agricultural challenges through the Small Farmers Large Fields (SFLF) project, implemented by Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia (TAFSSA) in partnership with the International Potato Center (CIP).

Rita Devi inherited an acre of land after her husband’s prolonged illness and demise during the COVID-19 pandemic three years ago.

But she can’t imagine a world in which farming is a sustainable livelihood for her or future generations. “It’s hard to see profits in agriculture,” she sighs. “As long as the land size is small, how can the profits increase? The profits remain tiny, too.” For small farmers like Rita Devi, who are financially precarious, farming is neither a lucrative livelihood nor an aspirational lifestyle.

Rita Devi saw a glimmer of hope in the form of the SFLF program when she saw some people touring the village in September 2022, talking about farming in a new light.

Aggregation as a solution to farmers’ woes

In the field, TAFSSA staff at the International Potato Center (CIP), with support from the NGO Jeevika, mobilized farmers to pilot the SFLF collective action farming model.

Under the SFLF model, participating farmers organize themselves into groups to increase their collective bargaining power.

They buy inputs and secure farm services collectively from providers and achieve significant savings through bulk purchases; they improve their production practices and use quality seeds. Ultimately, their crops receive a premium for quality and volume.

The TAFSSA team planned to spread knowledge about improved farming practices among farmers and then use their collective bargaining power to procure better resources and prices. They started the initiative with training sessions.

Rajiv Ranjan, TAFSSA’s field coordinator and a farmer, said, “Varietal knowledge of seeds and crops was inadequate among farmers. They had no idea about the new varieties or how the different varieties performed.”

The training sessions combined presentations and interactive discussions with farmers, using visual aids such as photos and diagrams to enhance understanding. Key topics included field and seed preparation, high-yielding and disease-resistant crop varieties, irrigation optimization, and precision fertilizer application. Farmers also learned about preventive and reactive approaches to weed and disease management, and post-harvest handling and storage techniques.

Better seed quality means better yields. Better bargaining power helped farmers get a better price for their crop (Photo: TAFFSA)

Connecting with farmers through the Small Farmers Large Fields pilot

Rita Devi decided to attend the training sessions in December 2022 to learn more about farming and explore how this new knowledge would help her reduce the costs of farming. Her main motivation was to improve her crop yield, which would be financially rewarding.

When TAFSSA staff first entered the villages and interacted with the farmers, many of them had their doubts about the interventions. International Potato Center (CIP) staff continued to meet with farmers in the villages and explain the benefits of collective farming. In the beginning, a few large farmers joined the program, and this led to the adoption of the practices by other small farmers. Trust was built over time.

The International Potato Center (CIP) developed a comprehensive Package of Practice (PoP) with illustrations of key field operations, major pests, and diseases. Accompanied by concise guidelines on input application methods, fertilizer and pesticide dosages, and timing during the crop cycle, the PoP was translated into Hindi, printed as a leaflet, and distributed to farmers in both pilot sites. Designed as a quick reference guide, the leaflet helps farmers with all aspects of potato and seed production, including efficient pest and disease identification and management.

Rita Devi recalls receiving information on water conservation, optimizing fertilizer dosage, and pest control, all of which led to monitored and restricted input use and financial savings.

“Now we know the correct amount of fertilizer dosage, and could save money,” said Rita Devi, who joined the pilot program in the rabi season of 2023–24 and implemented lessons she learned in the training and demonstrations. The financial savings were tangible and motivated her to move forward.

One of the lessons learned by her community is how to optimize irrigation for rabi potato, which requires five to six irrigation cycles in the region. The CIP team gave clear instructions on when these cycles should take place: first light irrigation 5–10 days after planting to cover one-third of the ridge, on-demand irrigation covering half of the ridge in subsequent cycles, stopping irrigation 8–10 days before harvest, and avoiding waterlogging at all times.

Farmers engaged in growing and harvesting potatoes (Photo: TAFFSA)

Harnessing collective strengths

The SFLF initiative aimed to strengthen farmers’ bargaining power by improving supply chain integration. A key focus was to help farmers collectively procure quality inputs such as seeds and fertilizers from reliable and affordable sources. High-quality seeds were sourced directly from Punjab, replacing expensive, substandard local options. Negotiated prices and proper storage ensured that farmers in Nalanda had seamless access to these resources. Similar arrangements were made for fertilizers and pesticides.

Rita Devi is a passionate supporter of the initiative for its financial and operational benefits. “Even if no one else makes the provision, we will form a farmer group to procure seeds from Punjab,” she asserts, reflecting the project’s effectiveness. Her determination shows how collective action and better linkages can empower smallholder farmers and optimize their farming practices.

In another exercise, Rita Devi tested crop diversification. After harvesting potatoes, she planted maize and moong beans on her farm to increase her farm income.

Farmer engaged in growing and harvesting potatoes (Photo: TAFFSA)

SFLF’s tangible and intangible impact

Ranjan attests to a noticeable change in farmers’ confidence: “SFLF has helped farmers by increasing knowledge and income. Information from local experts in the village and neighbouring villages also helped the farmers. Earlier, farmers were afraid of the quality of seeds they bought from the market. With the CIP linkages, they get assured quality and variety of seeds.”

With better seed quality and improved farming practices, Rita’s income from crops has improved. However, her profit is limited to the small plot. She is resourceful in her income generation: she plans to sell the surplus seed she has acquired to farmers during the rabi season in 2024.

Most farmers in the SFLF program have roughly doubled their incomes and net returns, after adjusting for production costs, compared to non-SFLF farmers.

Rita Devi hopes that as word spreads about the positive impact on yields and market values, more farmers will join the SFLF model. Additionally, subsequent seasons of the pilot will help refine the model to address all the prevalent issues they face.

Women in agronomy: the journey of Carolina Cortez

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Blogs.

Carolina Cortez is an agronomist specializing in agricultural parasitology and currently serves as the technical coordinator at CIMMYT’s Pacific-North Hub. Her career reflects the dedication, knowledge, and perseverance required to transform perceptions of women’s roles in the agricultural sector.

With a strong foundation in science and a passion for sustainable farming, Carolina has become a key figure in coordinating technical efforts that support farmers across northern Mexico. Her leadership not only addresses critical challenges in crop protection and productivity but also inspires a new generation of women to pursue careers in agricultural research and innovation.

Carolina Cortez, agronomist and technical coordinator at CIMMYT, shares her experience in agriculture and female leadership in the sector, driving innovation and inclusion in the field. (Photo: Gabriela Bracamonte / CIMMYT)

From her childhood in Sinaloa, she grew up surrounded by crops such as maize, wheat, beans, and sorghum, which sparked her natural interest in agronomy. “One of the main reasons I decided to study agronomy was the environment in which I was born. I grew up in a family of farmers where our family gatherings mainly revolved around discussions about the crops of each agricultural cycle,” she recalls. This close connection to the field led her to enroll at the Autonomous University of Chapingo, where she graduated in agronomy in 2015.

However, her career path has not been without challenges. Despite her knowledge and experience, she has encountered resistance in a sector where traditional ideas about women’s roles in agriculture persist. “The biggest challenge I have faced is getting both farmers and technicians to accept that a woman can oversee or implement new agricultural initiatives. The prevailing perception in some areas is still that agriculture is only for men,” she explains.

Over time, however, she has proven that ability and commitment do not depend on gender, but on preparation and dedication. “As time goes by and we start doing experiments or involving them in field trials, once they see the results, their perspective completely changes, and they realize the need to include women in the agricultural sector,” she adds.

Throughout her career, she has witnessed a growing interest from women in agronomy, not only in technical and field work but also in administrative and managerial roles that strengthen the sector. “Not only are more women enrolling in agronomy programs, but they are also entering administrative areas that support the agricultural sector. This is essential for increasing the visibility of women in agriculture,” she says.

She also believes that the scientific advancements driven by women have been key to opening up new opportunities and challenging existing paradigms. Her work at CIMMYT as technical lead for projects in Sinaloa, in collaboration with companies such as BIMBO, Kellogg’s, and Ingredion, has been a turning point in her career. “One of my achievements has been to serve as the technical lead for CIMMYT projects developed in Sinaloa in recent years. Additionally, I have been a lecturer in training courses on conservation agriculture, regenerative agriculture, and cover crops,” she explains.

For all these reasons, she stresses the importance of professional training and the development of communication skills for young women aspiring to enter the field of agronomy. “I encourage them not to give up on entering this beautiful profession. They should firmly establish their principles, professional integrity, and long-term goals in the agricultural sector, as these will be the foundation for seeking opportunities for integration and applying their acquired knowledge,” she advises.

Finally, she emphasizes the importance of continuous learning and building personal confidence. “I recommend that they begin professional preparation on innovative topics and develop personal confidence. Standing in front of farmers, technicians, and an audience requires fluency and confidence in speaking, which can only be achieved through knowledge and scientific support,” she concludes.

Carolina’s story is a testament to the impact women have in agriculture and serves as an inspiration to continue promoting female leadership in a sector that is constantly evolving.

Decades of on-station conservation agriculture trials reveal key farming insights for Zambia’s changing climate

Written by mcallejas on . Posted in Blogs.

Aerial view of one of the long-term, on-station trials on conservation agriculture, CIMMYT (Photo: CIMMYT).

Long-term research rarely offers quick fixes. More often, it is a patient pursuit, marked by seasons of uncertainty, occasional setbacks, and gradual, hard-won insights. Yet, when carefully managed, its outcomes can redefine farming systems and adaptation strategies to long-term climate trends.  

This is the story of CIMMYT‘s persistence, working alongside Zambia’s Ministry of Agriculture to maintain some of Southern Africa’s most critical long-term Conservation Agriculture (CA) experiments for over two decades. 

Scattered across Zambia’s contrasting agro-ecological zones, from the high rainfall Northern province to the drought-prone Southern Province, and the tropical savanna climate in the Eastern province, the Misamfu Research Station, Monze Farmer Training Centre, and Msekera Research Station have hosted these long-term trials, with Monze being established in 2005, Msekera in 2011, and Misamfu in 2016. Through searing droughts, erratic rainfall, floods, pest outbreaks and changing policy landscapes, these stations have systematically tested CA principles over multiple seasons, focusing on crop productivity, economic viability, and soil health, pest and disease dynamics, soil moisture and climate resilience among other aspects, to adapt CA to local farming conditions. More importantly, they have adapted these principles to Zambia’s diverse socio-economic realities and contexts. 

 

Testing CA under Zambia’s climate gradients

At the core of these trials is a simple, but essential question: “Can CA systems be adapted to Zambia’s smallholder farmer conditions to improve productivity, soil health, and resilience under climate variability?” 

Each research station offers a unique window into answering this question. For instance, Monze Farmer Training Centre located in Zambia’s Southern Province, hosts one of the oldest CA trials in the region. In addition, originally set up with eight main treatments and 32 trial plots, it has since expanded to 48 plots consisting of 12 treatments, testing CA under no-tillage against conventional plough-based systems with maize, cotton and sun hemp rotations of varying sequences. The plots have accumulated invaluable data, owing to the detailed and precise monitoring of yields, soil moisture, infiltration rates, pest and disease dynamics, soil quality indicators, and soil organic matter, year after year. 

Christian Thierfelder, CIMMYT’s Principal Cropping Systems Agronomist and founder of all long-term experiments reflects, “When we started, CA was a hot topic in Zambia. We wanted to know its benefits if you persist with these systems under Zambia’s conditions, not just for three or five years, but over decades”. 

Two decades later, key findings from these trials reveal that rotations that include cotton and/or sun hemp consistently outperform others in maize yields due to the nitrogen-fixing and soil-improving effects of the legume and deep-rooting cotton. CA plots, especially those combining minimum tillage, residue retention, and rotations, also demonstrate better soil moisture retention and infiltration, even in drought years. In fact, one striking observation has been that during intense rainfall events, water infiltration under CA plots is dramatically higher than under conventional systems, reducing flooding, erosion, and surface run-off. CA plots absorb and retain more moisture, a significant advantage as rainfall patterns become more erratic. 

However, the trials have also revealed complex trade-offs that researchers alike must accommodate. For example, while the maize-cotton-sun hemp rotation delivers exceptional yields, its economic viability hinges on market dynamics. When sun hemp seed and cotton commanded reasonable prices in the past, the system was highly profitable; in its absence, farmers risk sacrificing income for soil benefits alone. Another surprising insight comes from long-term soil organic carbon (SOC) trends. While CA systems reduce erosion and improve infiltration, the anticipated build-up of SOC has remained elusive, except at one long-term trial site outside Zambia at the Chitedze Research Station in Malawi. Thierfelder notes, “Declining rainfall, declining biomass, and declining soil carbon levels are interconnected. CA alone may not reverse these trends unless combined with complementary practices like manure application or agroforestry species.” 

A snapshot of different trials being implemented at Monze FTC and Misamfu Research station, CIMMYT (Photo: CIMMYT).

Adapting CA for high-rainfall areas

Misamfu Research Station, in Zambia’s wetter Northern Province, has wrestled with another challenge: CA’s performance under high-rainfall conditions. Since 2016, Misamfu has hosted the long-term CA systems trial. Originally designed to conserve moisture, CA systems, especially when planted on the flat, struggle with too much moisture, leading to waterlogging, and here, not drought, is the problem. CA plots without drainage interventions have underperformed in very wet years. Yet, new innovations are emerging. Permanent raised-beds and permanent ridges, two promising CA systems developed under irrigated systems, are showing promise by improving drainage while retaining CA’s soil health benefits. 

 “In relatively dry years, CA systems shine,” explains Thierfelder, “but under waterlogged conditions, we now know that permanent raised beds or ridges could be the missing link.” “Over the long-term, CA systems planted on the flat are capable of buffering high rainfall effects, probably due to improved infiltration”, remarked Blessing Mhlanga, CIMMYT’s Cropping Systems Agronomist.  

Capturing cumulative effects over time

Since 2011, the CA long-term experiment at Msekera Research Station in Eastern Zambia has revealed how CA performs beyond short-term seasonal gains. Unlike seasonal experiments, these trials capture the gradual, cumulative effects of CA on soil health, water use, weed and pest dynamics, and crop yields under real-world conditions. With ten treatments, including conventional tillage, ridge and furrow systems, and CA practices- such as direct seeding, residue retention, and crop rotations, the trials provide critical evidence. So far, results from Msekera show that no-tillage systems with crop residue retention, especially when combined with crop rotations, significantly improve soil moisture retention and structure, leading to more stable crop production over time. 

Why long-term matters

Long-term trials are essential to fully understand the benefits and limitations of CA across a full spectrum of climate conditions. Such trials require consistent donor support, strong partnerships with research station managers, and effective field management. Unlike short-term experiments, long-term trials capture the cumulative effects of CA practices across diverse seasons, including droughts and floods.  

These trials also show that CA is not a one-size-fits-all solution — its success hinges on continuous application over time. Since to date, rainfall patterns cannot be predicted precisely, deciding to adopt CA only in dry years is ineffective. Instead, long-term trials reveal how CA builds resilience and improves productivity year after year. 

This body of work is more than just a collection of experiments. It is a living archive, many years of climate, crop, and soil interactions, yielding insights impossible to capture through short-term trials. “We learned, for example, that infiltration rates under CA improved noticeably within just two years,” says Thierfelder. “But understanding yield trends, soil fertility dynamics or the role of rotations takes decades.” Moreover, these trials have shown that CA is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Its benefits are context-specific, often requiring adaptive management depending on rainfall, soil type, and market conditions. 

From plots to farmers’ fields

The value of this long-term work extends beyond research stations. Field days and exposure visits have allowed farmers and extension officers to engage directly with these trials, drawing lessons for their own fields. In some regions, farmers are already adapting lessons, adopting rotations, maintaining residues, experimenting with raised beds and permanent ridges, and tailoring CA to their realities. Importantly, the trials continue to evolve. While core treatments remain unchanged to preserve data integrity, small innovations, such as integrating manure or testing alternative rotations, are helping to sharpen recommendations for the next generation of CA practitioners. 

An aerial view of a mother trial implementer in Zambia, SIFAZ (Photo: CIMMYT).

The road ahead

As climate variability intensifies, the value of long-term research becomes even more critical. These trials offer answers to one of agriculture’s most urgent questions: How can CA be fine-tuned to deliver resilience and productivity? This is not just a scientific quest; it is about securing the future of Zambia’s smallholders, helping them navigate a more uncertain climate future, and ensuring their fields remain productive for the next generations. 

Women Who Nourish the Earth: Yuridia HernĂĄndez and the Feminine Strength in Sustainable Agriculture

Written by mcallejas on . Posted in Blogs.

In the lands of Oaxaca’s Mixteca, where rainfall no longer comes as it once did and the soil begins to feel the weight of years and intensive use, a network of women producers has taken on the task of healing the land—while also healing themselves. One of these women is Yuridia Hernández, who has decided to farm differently: with more awareness, less haste, and the support of other women who, like her, believe that a different kind of farming is possible. 

Since 2023, Yuridia has been part of the Secure Maize Supply Program of the Secretariat of Food Promotion and Rural Development (SEFADER), supported technically by engineer Griselda Cruz Guzmán. On her three-hectare plot, she has begun applying agroecological practices: minimum tillage, biological pest management, the use of bio-inputs, and the reincorporation of crop residues. “We’ve gone back to practices we were already forgetting. Now we see our plants are more resilient. That motivates us to keep going,” she explains. 

Hernández, a producer from Oaxaca’s Mixteca region, proudly shows a corn cob grown on her rainfed plot. (Photo: Sarah Martínez/CIMMYT)

Last year, she planted late, like many in the region, due to delayed rains. But she didn’t give up. “This is a rainfed plot, and although the weather isn’t the same anymore, we can still produce if we change how we do it,” she says firmly. Though she works alongside her husband and eldest son in a family production unit, Yuridia makes her own decisions for her plot. “At first it was difficult—he (her husband) prefers mechanized methods, using chemicals. I would tell him: ‘wait, let’s try other options.’ And though it was hard for him to give up plowing, now he sees the results. Little by little, he’s adopted new practices.” 

Like the Earth that gives life and regenerates when treated well, Yuridia has found a shared strength in other women. “In the group, you can feel when there are more women,” she says. “The men often come in with a different mindset, they find it harder to work as a team. But among women, it’s different: it’s enough to say, ‘how should we do this?’ and we organize ourselves.” She has especially formed close ties with another producer’s daughter, with whom she shares not just the work, but also a critical and forward-looking view of farming’s future: “We have that urge to do things differently, to improve them. And that’s made us a solid team. We pull each other forward—and also bring along the men who want to join.” 

What began as an individual effort has now become a small network of learning, experimentation, and mutual support. By sharing knowledge, organizing field visits, and discussing what works and what doesn’t, Yuridia and her peers have been able to strengthen themselves and those around them: “That’s how we’ve grown stronger—by building a network.” 

Beyond her own experience, she’s attended events at research platforms like those of INIFAP and CIMMYT, where she saw firsthand that sustainable practices can be applied in her context. “That’s where I said: this works, I want to replicate this,” she shares. 

Yuridia also knows that climate change is not a distant issue. “It’s hit us hard. Rains aren’t like before, pests show up suddenly. But with these practices, the system is adapting. Where we leave more residues, the plants stay vigorous.” That’s why she doesn’t hesitate to send a message to those who support research and technical assistance: “Thank you for promoting these activities. Research really does help us. It lets us change or bring back what we already knew. If we do nothing, we’ll lose our land. But if we have tools, if we see examples, we can move forward,” she says gratefully. 

Yuridia’s testimony reminds us that caring for the planet is not an abstract task—it starts in plots like hers, in voices like hers, in hands that sow with hope, science, and community. And just like the Earth, the women who care for and work the land have an immense capacity to regenerate, sustain, and transform. 

When the worm won’t wait: Battling Fall Armyworm with science, seeds and farmer-led solutions

Written by mcallejas on . Posted in Blogs.

The destructive Fall armyworm in a farmer’s field (CIMMYT)

Farmers in southern Africa face a double tragedy: drought in one season or flooded fields in another. Shredded leaves, twisted tassels, and frizzled maize cobs reflect more than just a failed harvest; they signal a deepening threat to food security and livelihoods. Compounding this hardship is the growing threat of pests and diseases, many of which are fuelled by climate change. Chief among them is the fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda), an invasive pest that arrived in Africa nearly a decade ago and continues to undermine smallholder farmers’ resilience, devouring crops stalk by stalk. 

Maize is central to food security in Zambia and Malawi, where it occupies up to 80% of cultivated land and accounts for over half of the daily calorie intake. In Zambia alone, more than 90% of smallholder households grow maize, underscoring its economic and political weight. Yet, in recent years, farmers have had to contend with losses not just from erratic rainfall and poor soils, but from pests and diseases that seem to multiply with each season. 

A recent CIMMYT-led study across 1,100 farming households in Malawi and Zambia, as part of the Southern African Accelerated Innovation Delivery Initiative (AID-I) Rapid Delivery Hub, highlights the long-recognized challenge of FAW damage. The study confirms that FAW is not only persistent but also costly. During 2023/2024 season, 70% of surveyed farmers reported FAW damage to their maize fields. On average, FAW infestations resulted in a 13.5% to 30% reduction in maize yields, translating to more than 230 kg of lost grain per hectare. Other crops were also heavily affected, with the rosette virus reducing groundnut yields by 27% and soybean rust causing up to 25% losses in soybean fields. 

The effects of FAW extend beyond crop harvests. It has also been shown to significantly undermine household income and food security. Although the 2023/2024 losses are slightly lower than earlier estimates, which ranged from 22% to 67% across Africa, they are still substantial enough to affect food security and livelihoods. Furthermore, the combined effects of FAW, rosette disease and rust had large income and food security impacts.  Households facing the triple burden of these pests and diseases – FAW, groundnut rosette virus and soybean rust on their three most important crops are twice as likely to experience food insecurity as compared to experiencing just one of these threats.  

In response, many farmers are turning to pesticides, improved seeds and crop rotation. However, as the data indicates, pesticides alone are far from being a comprehensive solution. They are often costly, frequently misapplied, and carry significant risks to both human and the environment. Moreover, FAW is increasingly developing resistance to commonly used pesticide formulations. Access to agricultural extension services remains limited: only 27% of surveyed farmers in Zambia and 54% in Malawi reportedly receiving such support. Without proper guidance on when and how to apply pesticides, their misuse can end up doing more harm than good. 

These findings highlight a broader challenge: the urgent need for sustainable, science- and data-driven solutions that are practical for farmers. At the core of the response is a new generation of maize hybrids with tolerance to FAW. CIMMYT in collaboration with its partners using conventional breeding has developed new generation of hybrids with native genetic (non-transgenic) tolerance to FAW. The breeding process is complex, requiring years of field testing across diverse agroecological zones to ensure adaptability and performance. 

In 2023, three FAW tolerant maize varieties developed by CIMMYT were officially released by the Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) and sub-licensed to seed companies for commercialization. With support from AID-I and the CGIAR Sustainable Farming program, CIMMYT and partners are actively promoting these hybrids among smallholder farmers. The AID-I project has provided critical support to accelerate seed production of these hybrids. Zamseed and AfriSeed are leading efforts to bring these varieties to market. 

Mebby Chipimo Munyemba, a proud farmer showcasing her FAW-tolerant maize field in Mazabuka, Zambia (CIMMYT)

Through the Sustainable Farming program, on-farm trials have been established across three agroecological gradients in Siavonga, Mazabuka, and Mbala districts to test the performance under farmer conditions and understand their impact on farmer outcomes. There are two treatments, which include growing the FAW-tolerant maize variety alone, and intercropping it with other legumes. Rather than assuming a one-size-fits-all solution, CIMMYT is using randomized control trials (RCTs) to assess the real-world performance of these varieties under varying conditions. The goal is not only to validate the science but to build a stronger case for scaling. 

In Siavonga, where high temperatures and erratic rainfall create ideal conditions for FAW outbreaks, early results show promising benefits from using FAW-tolerant maize varieties. Preliminary foliar damage assessment indicates significantly reduced infestation levels compared to susceptible varieties. In contrast, the benefits in Mazabuka are less pronounced, while in Mbala – a cooler, higher-altitude location with lower pest pressure- no major gains have yet been observed. These location-specific findings are critical for informing hyperlocal, evidence-based policymaking.  Equally important is building awareness and trust among farmers, ensuring they know these improved varieties exist and understand how to grow them applying good agronomic practices. Through AID-I, CIMMYT is working to close that gap, demonstrating the business case for investing in FAW tolerant maize seed to the private sector, and equipping farmers with knowledge that goes beyond what is in the bag.  

For example, a survey carried out in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia revealed that awareness of FAW-tolerant maize varieties remains low, with only 19% of farmers in Malawi, 34% in Tanzania and 39% in Zambia had heard of FAW-tolerant maize varieties. This underscores the urgent need to scale up awareness campaigns and initiatives to stimulate demand. Encouragingly, among the farmers who are aware of these varieties, the majority expressed a willingness to purchase them at prices comparable to those of other hybrid maize varieties. This indicates a strong business case for private sector investment in seed multiplication and distribution to meet potential demand and expand access to FAW-tolerant maize hybrids. 

For many farmers in Southern Africa, the FAW remains a persistent threat. However, through science, strong partnerships, and a commitment to field-based evidence, the tide is turning, one trial, one variety, one growing season at a time. 

How Crops to End Hunger is transforming CGIAR crop breeding from the ground up

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Blogs.

When crop breeding succeeds, the impact is dramatic: improved varieties reach farmers, productivity increases, and resilience to climate change and disease improves. But breeding success doesn’t happen by chance. It relies on modern facilities, cutting-edge tools, and the ability to test and select for complex, evolving traits. That’s where Crops to End Hunger (CtEH) comes in. At CGIAR Science Week, the project team and beneficiaries demonstrated how.  

A project designed for exponential impact 

Launched in 2019, CtEH aimed to support the modernization of CGIAR’s crop breeding infrastructure, with support from GIZ, the Gates Foundation, the US government, DFID, and ACIAR. As it nears the end of the most recent two-year GIZ funding cycle, the project has made targeted investments in upgrading breeding station infrastructure, equipping them with advanced tools, building capacity across CGIAR and national breeding teams, and developing the foundational systems needed to accelerate the entire breeding process. 

Supporting CGIAR Centers’ core functions 

At CGIAR Science Week, Bram Govaerts, CIMMYT Director General, explained: “CtEH is crucial for implementing CIMMYT 2030 strategy. Support has increased our breeding capacity for maize, wheat, and newly added dryland crops that complement maize and wheat cropping systems.” 

One example is the Groundnut Biotic Stress Screening Network, established with CtEH support. The network has strengthened the capacity of partners in Uganda and Malawi to screen for groundnut rosette disease; a devastating disease spread by aphids can result in 100% crop loss, with annual losses of over $150 million. The screening network will enable development of resistant varieties. 

In Kenya, a $2.5 million worth infrastructure upgrade at the KALRO–CIMMYT Crop Research Facility in Kiboko, has accelerated breeding cycles. This investment is enabling the development of new varieties tailored to the needs of East African farmers. Drought-tolerant maize varieties developed through work in Kenya and Zimbabwe have expanded dramatically, from just 0.5 million hectares in 2010 to 8.5 million hectares across sub-Saharan Africa today. 

The Kiboko station is also a regional leader in pest and disease resistance. Its advanced screening capabilities for fall armyworm have led to the release of three tolerant maize hybrids, benefiting farmers in Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Sudan, and Ghana. The development of maize varieties resistant to maize lethal necrosis further demonstrates the station’s critical role in enhancing food security across the region. 

Operational improvements: more than bricks and mortar 

CtEH isn’t just about infrastructure; it’s also about operational transformation which profoundly change the breeding work. For instance, as Gustavo Teixeira explains, “The installation of reliable irrigation systems, one of CtEH’s key priorities, improves breeding efficiency in several ways. It enables off-season trials, allowing breeders to conduct multiple generations per year. It promotes plot control, ensuring uniformity across trial plots and data quality. Finally, it improves the ability to breed for drought tolerance.” 

In Ghana, Maxwell Asante of CSIR-CRI described how CtEH brought crop-neutral upgrades that have encouraged teams to strategically plan and align resources, enabled cost attribution to specific breeding programs, improving accountability, and fostered cross-location collaboration by making centralized services possible.  

These operational improvements are helping CGIAR and national systems move toward truly modern breeding programs that can operate with greater precision, speed, and coordination. 

Building for regional collaboration and innovation 

Bram Govaerts also emphasized that collaboration is central to the future of breeding, and that CtEH is helping to make that possible. 

“Strategic collaborations enhance our impact by leveraging diverse resources and expertise, especially through public-private partnerships that scale research and technology transfer for agricultural transformation.” 

Facilities and systems funded by CtEH are helping CGIAR foster cross-disciplinary innovation and strengthen ties with governments, donors, and technology companies. This makes it easier to bridge the gap between research and real-world application – exactly what’s needed to accelerate impact. 

Empowering women in breeding 

Infrastructure improvements under CtEH have considered inclusivity and gender equity. 

Aparna Das, CIMMYT Technical Lead, explained that modernized stations have been upgraded to better support women in breeding roles – such as providing restrooms and expression rooms in remote research stations, often located far from urban centers, which help attract talent. 

Why does this matter? Women breeders bring valuable perspectives, particularly in identifying gender-relevant traits, like cooking time, seed size, and ease of harvesting. Diverse, balanced breeding teams also tend to be more dynamic and innovative, leading to better science and more relevant products for farmers. 

Targeting the right traits 

Breeding for traits farmers need starts with the ability to test and measure those traits under real-world conditions. This can require specialized equipment. 

Maxwell Asante emphasized that this is where CtEH makes a difference: 

“Testing for traits is fundamental. And now, we’re not just selecting for yield – we’re breeding for disease resistance, climate resilience, cooking quality, and more. The only way to do this efficiently is through modern breeding infrastructure and processes.” 

Modern breeding enables scientists to combine multiple traits in a single variety and identify the best candidates with greater accuracy and confidence. This is made possible through CtEH investments in equipment and data analytics, such as Bioflow, the CtEH-funded breeding analytics pipeline developed for CGIAR and its partners. 

Long-term impact through smart design 

What makes CtEH unique is its sustainability-by-design approach. The project was structured to build long-lasting capacity and to leverage investments from across CGIAR Initiatives, amplifying both the quality of upgrades and their outcomes. 

Whether it’s enabling year-round trials, supporting new partnerships, or empowering a more diverse generation of breeders, CtEH is not just upgrading infrastructure, it’s also reshaping CGIAR and partners’ breeding. 

As CGIAR continues to respond to climate, nutrition, and food security challenges, projects like CtEH are making sure we have the tools, systems, and people in place to breed for tomorrow – starting today. 

To learn more about Crops to End Hunger, check out other stories here.

Fidelia GonzĂĄlez Galindo, a rural woman who challenges limits and transforms the countryside

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Blogs.

From the Sierra Norte of Puebla, Fidelia González Galindo has built her story with determination and courage. At 48 years old, González Galindo is responsible for the Cuautempan Research Platform in the state of Puebla and is part of CIMMYT’s Hub Valles Altos. Her work focuses on improving food security and strengthening native maize production—a mission born from her own struggle to access education.

Research platforms, like the one Fidelia coordinates, are spaces where innovative technologies are developed and validated to enhance agricultural production. These platforms explore improved farming practices, efficient soil and water resource management, and strategies for sustainability and food security. Through her work in Cuautempan, Fidelia strives to ensure that these innovations reach rural communities and are adapted to the real needs of women farmers.

Fidelia GonzĂĄlez Galindo, researcher and head of the Cuatempan Research Platform, discusses strategies to strengthen the participation of rural women in sustainable agricultural production. (Photo: Jenifer Morales/ CIMMYT)

Raised by her grandmother in a community where it was considered normal for women to dedicate themselves to the home and marriage, Fidelia defied these norms—challenging even the authority of the matriarch in her household. With her mother’s support, she pursued a different path, continuing her studies and eventually attending the Autonomous University of Chapingo. There, she faced not only academic challenges but also discrimination due to her Indigenous background and her status as a woman in a male-dominated field. “I never accepted that being a woman was a limitation,” she recalls.

Since returning to her region, Fidelia has tirelessly advocated for the autonomy of rural women, who often take charge of farming while men migrate in search of work. She has witnessed firsthand the challenges they face: limited access to quality seeds, financial constraints, physical disadvantages in labor-intensive tasks, the constant struggle to feed their families, scarce training opportunities, and the overwhelming burden of balancing household responsibilities with agricultural production. “Many times, women have to find additional jobs to support their families, which takes them away from improving their farming systems,” she explains.

To address the many challenges faced by rural women, Fidelia promotes knowledge-sharing on sustainable agricultural practices and works to empower women in decision-making processes. She has helped create support networks among women farmers, facilitated knowledge exchange, and organized training sessions with flexible schedules to accommodate family responsibilities. She also advocates for municipal and government support to fund productive projects, enabling women to generate income independently. “Knowledge is power, and if women learn to manage their resources, they can transform their lives and their communities,” she says.

Fidelia shares knowledge on sustainable agricultural production with local farmers, strengthening the role of rural women in decision-making and farm management.
(Photo: Fidelia GonzĂĄlez)

Fidelia describes rural women as hardworking individuals, proud of their roots and committed to making meaningful changes in their environment. “They are bold women who, when they learn something new, apply it with determination. And the best part is that they don’t keep the knowledge to themselves—they share it with others so that everyone can improve,” she emphasizes. Beyond producing food, these women care deeply about their families’ health, soil conservation, and their children’s future.

Fidelia represents the relentless efforts of rural women who challenge the limits imposed by society. “Farming is not exclusive to men,” she declares with conviction. Her story is a testament to resilience, learning, and transformation. Through her work, she cultivates not only maize but also hope, knowledge, and a more equitable future for women in agriculture—proving that true change begins when women are empowered to lead from the land they know best.

New Breakthrough in Wheat Blast Resistance: A Novel Non-2NS QTL Identified

Written by dmedina on . Posted in Blogs.

A newly published study has identified a significant breakthrough in the ongoing battle against wheat blast: a novel quantitative trait locus (QTL), named Qwb.cim-7D, located on the long arm of chromosome 7D and derived from Aegilops tauschii, offers stable and moderate resistance to wheat blast—independently of the widely used 2NS translocation.

Wheat blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT), is a rapidly spreading disease threatening wheat production, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. First detected in Brazil in 1985, the disease has since caused devastating yield losses—up to 100% in severe cases. Its transboundary spread, including recent incursions in Bangladesh and Zambia, has intensified international concerns about food security, especially among vulnerable smallholder farming communities. Control through chemical means has proven unreliable, placing even greater emphasis on the development and deployment of resistant wheat cultivars.

Fig. 1 Global incidence of wheat blast with years of its first identification indicated for the affected countries

For years, wheat breeders have relied on a single major source of genetic resistance—the 2NS/2AS translocation from Aegilops ventricosa. While initially effective, recent field observations—particularly in Brazil—suggest that wheat blast pathogens are evolving to overcome this resistance. Despite extensive efforts, previous studies have failed to identify any non-2NS QTLs with both significant and stable effects across environments in field trials.

Fig. 2 Contrasted wheat blast reactions between BWMRI Gom 3 (left, a 2NS carrier) and BARI Gom 26 (right, a non-2NS carrier)

A New Genetic Solution for Blast Resistance

In a recently published study entitled “A novel QTL on chromosome 7D derived from Aegilops tauschii confers moderate field resistance to wheat blast”, CIMMYT’s wheat pathology team and collaborators reported the identification of a novel and consistent QTL—Qwb.cim-7D—which provides significant resistance to wheat blast independent of the 2NS translocation.

The donor bread wheat line, Gladius*2/KU 2097, inherited its resistance from the resistant Ae. tauschii accession ‘KU-2097’. Field experiments were conducted at two Precision Phenotyping Platforms (PPP) in Bolivia (Quirusillas and Okinawa) and one PPP in Bangladesh (Jashore), under artificially inoculated conditions—ensuring a robust evaluation of resistance. The QTL was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 7D, where it explained between 7.7% and 50.6% of the phenotypic variation across different environments. This is a significant finding, as previous studies identified non-2NS resistance loci with typically small effects (less than 10%) and inconsistent performance. In contrast, Qwb.cim-7D is the first moderate-effect QTL to demonstrate stable resistance across multiple field conditions.

To facilitate its adoption in breeding pipelines, researchers successfully converted the flanking DArTseq markers into KASP markers—enabling more efficient marker-assisted selection.

Importantly, Qwb.cim-7D provides approximately half the resistance effect of 2NS, highlighting its value as a complementary resistance factor. When deployed through gene pyramiding strategies alongside 2NS and Rmg8, this new QTL could help breeders develop varieties with stronger and more durable resistance to the evolving wheat blast pathogen.

This breakthrough marks a turning point in global wheat blast resistance breeding. It addresses the urgent need to diversify the genetic basis of resistance and equips breeders with a viable new tool to safeguard wheat yields. As wheat blast continues to threaten food security in key regions, the introgression of Qwb.cim-7D into breeding programs offers a promising path toward enhanced crop resilience and improved farmer protection.